Albert Einstein’s vs. Newton: General Theory of Relativity

Albert sensation, most famously known as a physicist, was a ratifier to the scientific homo with his many known researches and humanitarian work. As a Nobel Prize Winner in 1921, his chronicled and more measurable works include especial(a) speculation of theory of theory of relativity (1905), Relativity (English Translation, 1920 and 1950), habitual surmisal of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). (Nobel Prize Foundation, 1921) In e really(prenominal) his important works, whizs Theory of Relativity has lead the delegacy for how science currently views time, blank distance, energy, and sedateness.Relativity, which all drive must be defined relative to a frame of reference and that space and time be relative, rather than absolute concepts, consists of cardinal principal parts The theory dealing with uniform social takement, or the Special Theory of Relativity (1905) and the theory dealing with graveness, or the General Theory of Relativity (1916). (dictionary. com, pars. 2) Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity is the physical theory of measurement in inertial frames of reference.Although Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity was special because it dealt only with inertial reference frames his General Theory of Relativity accounts not only for these, but also for bodies that accelerate and are based on the postulate that the topical anaesthetic effects of a gravitational field and of acceleration of an inertial system are identical. (dictionary. com, pars. 2) An example of Einsteins Special Relativity One of the peculiar aspects of Einsteins theory of special relativity is that the length of ends miserable at relativistic speeds undergo a contr lickion along the prop of motion.An observer at lay (relative to the base reject) would observe the moving object to be shorter in length. General relativity or the commonplace theory of relativity (GR) in whole is the ge ometric theory of gravitation. It is what we currently define as gravity in modern natural philosophy. GR integrates with special relativity in relatively, but GR consists of northwards impartiality of universal joint gravitation and describes gravity as a property of the geometry of space and time. Even though special relativity intertwines a lot with general relativity, these cardinal viewpoints are really what GR is ab erupt and relate greatly to for distributively one other.In the maiden viewpoint of GR, it is a theory of the behavior of space and time. Before the twentieth century, all physics theorists assumed space and time to be absolutes, or separated from each other. Now called spacetime, unneurotic space and time formed a background within which national moved. (Felder, pars. 4-5) In Einsteins theory of GR, this physical theory was to describe how different kinds of matter would inter influence with each other and auspicate their motions. The theories of space a nd time greatly changed after the development of the Special Relativity Theory and shortly ulterior the General Relativity Theory by Einstein.This results that space and time came to be viewed as the important variables in physics, which are capable of being changed by the mater within them and in turn changing the way that matter behaves. (Felder, pars. 5) seattime is an important factor in GR. In newtons solid ground and before the 20th century, physics space and time again were viewed completely separately. In relativity theory, time is the fourth dimension our world has or else of the three one would think there is. It is hard to picture a 4D world, so to make things simpler lets picture a 2D world.As shown in diagram 1, we keister view spacetime as a 2D surface where the horizontal burster is space and the vertical direction is time. The diagram below shows the world line of an object in a one-dimensional space (Felder, pars. 7) (Diagram 1) A spacetime diagram like this is very critical to help in under expecting relativity. It answers questions like Whats the world line of a particle at rest? What the world line of a particle moving with constant speed in one direction? How would you describe the motion of a particle with the world line shown below?Viewing spacetime this way allows us to formulate physics in new ways. It is a similar way in getting Newtons first law of motion, which states that an object with no force playacting on it bequeath move in a on-key line at a constant and we can retributory say that the world line of a free object (one with no forces on it) is a straight line. speed (Harrison, pars. 6) Comparing to Newtons laws, spacetime are considered both separate things, while in relativity, both in special and general theory, it is necessary to view spacetime as one.In GR this team of spacetime is curving by the effects of gravity. Now in GR, curved space often refers to a spatial geometry, which is not flat. Spacetime beco mes curved in the response to the effects of matter and there is no gravitational force deflecting objects from their natural, straight paths. This puts gravity to correspond to changes in the properties of space and time, which in turn changes the straightest-possible paths that objects get out naturally follow. So the act of curving is caused by the energy-momentum of matter and affects matters behaviors.In Newtons first law of motion, it states that, where an object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an half-baked force. In a curved spacetime what used to be straight lines are now twisted and bent, and particles with no forces acting on them are seen to move along curved paths. (Physics Classroom, pars. 1) John Archibald Wheeler, an American theoretical physicist, paraphrases, Spacetime tells matter how to move matter tells spacetime how to curve. (Britannica Encyclop edia, pars. ) To apologize curved space in an example, suppose there are two people. Each person stands two feet apart from each other facing the same direction and begins walkway straight. Even though one might think the two people are walking in check lines (since they are walking only in a straight line), is one will stand behind them in between them, he/she will notice that those two people will get started to drift apart. In awhile the two people will become four feet apart instead of the 2 feet that they started on and both are not pointed in exactly the same direction as they started on.One might assume its because one is not going in a straight line. (Picture of Geodesics) Although, what is a straight line? One assumes that a straight line means being correspond or that a straight line is the shortest surpass between two points. But in curved space path that stay parallel to each other are not paths of minimal distance and vice-versa, there is no path in space that fit s a straight line being parallel or the shortest distance. In space, a straight line is curved and the shortest path between two points is called a geodesic.The second viewpoint of general relativity is described as a theory of gravity. In Newtons second law of motion, that states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. (Physics classroom, pars. 2) In other words, getting two massive bodies like the Earth and Newtons famous apple are going to pull each other because of the law of gravity. To explain further, if an apple started out at rest and when it just breaks off from a tree, gravity would make it move towards the Earth until it jard with it.Newtons curiosity of a fallen apple not only explains his law of gravity and the falling of apples, but also the orbit of the moon about the Earth, the motions or the planets about the sunlight, and much more. Einsteins theory of GR relates to thi s because it explains all of Newtons laws, but in a very different way. In GR, a massive body like the sun causes the spacetime around it to curve and this act of curving in turn affects the motion of the planets, causing them to orbit around the sun.In Newtons second law of motion, these objects (i. e. the earth and the apple) will have a gravitational attraction, causing them to accelerate towards each other until they eventually collide. In GR, the same effect will happen, but the description is different because gravity is not a force in GR. Objects neither exert nor feel any-non-gravitational forces, so basically the objects should act like free particles moving alone geodesics. (Felder, pars. 5) In a flat spacetime, which has no gravity, the geodesics would be in straight lines. Since objects started out at rest, their world lines would be vertical lines, this means that they would always stay the same distance from each other. However, in the effects of gravity, we know that the objects will have spacetime around it. In a curved space, parallel lines do not always stay parallel. The geodesics in this curved spacetime start out parallel but over time it doesnt.This results in the objects colliding. Einstein shows that although Newtons theory of two objects colliding is predicted, the underlying description of the curved space is different. To show an example about gravity and curved space with a couple of geodesics, here is another graph (Felder, pars. 14) To explain the graph in more detail, the chicken rectangle is the sun (and the space around the sun is really three-dimensional), the spatial axis is r (radius) instead of x, and t (time) instead of y.The geodesic lines (red blue, respectively) are the particles moving directly towards or away from the sun. The red geodesic shows that an object initially at rest will curve towards the sun. Even an object moving away from the sun could fall back in if it were moving slowly. While the blue geodesics, i s for the particle starting out at the same place but with an initial outward velocity large enough that I will never fall back, objects that have an escape velocity.Explaining the basis of GR helps form a stepping stone to Einsteins more conglomerate theories and consequences, along with some knowledge of the General Theory of Relativity. In this very complicated version by Einstein of Newtons laws of motion, it in fact shows not that Einstein just complicated Newtons theories, but showed that results are not the same. The result in fact that objects collide are there and come out slightly the same, but the behavior is different. Spacetime is therefore curved as a straight line.The theory of GR has brought the science world to a dramatic position of understanding the universe. Space and time, in which were two separate things are now explained as one union with each other. In GR gravity is not only viewed as a force but now as a description of the geometry of the universe. This he lps scientists envision the universe in a more dramatic and insightful way. As Albert Einstein was forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence, he quoted Time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter. Works CitedAlbert Einstein Pac Bell. http//home. pacbell. net/kidwell5/aebio. hypertext mark-up language Albert Einstein, Colliers Encyclopedia, (MacMillan, 1985) mountain 8, pg. 684-685 Albert Einstein, World Book, (World Book Inc. , 1999) slew 6, pg. 146-147 Albert Einstein, Encyclopedia Britanica, ( Encyclopedia Britanica Inc. , 1997) Volume 4, pg. 403 Albert Einstein, Current Biography Whos News and Why, (H. W. Wilson Co. , 1953) Volume 1953, pg. 178-180 Albert Einstein, Current Biography Whos News and Why, (H. W. Wilson Co. , 1955) Volume 1955, pg. 177-178 Albert Einstein, The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, (Oxford University Press, 1994) Second Edition, pg. 206-208 Felder, Gary. North Carolina State Math and Physic Hel p. 2003.http//www4. ncsu. edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/kenny/papers/gr1. html general relativity. Dictionary. com Unabridged (v 1. 1). Random House, Inc. 05 Feb. 2009. Dictionary. com http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/general relativity. General Relativity Albert Einstein Biography, Spark Notes. 05 Feb 2009 http//www. sparknotes. com/biography/einstein/section7. rhtml Geroch, Robert. General Relativity from A to B. wampum University of Chicago Press, 1978. Harrison, David M. Homepage. 18 August 2007 http//www. upscale. utoronto. ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/GenRel/GenRel. html Leaving Certificate Physics Homepage. Einsteins Theory of Special Relativity. http//www. teachnet. ie/torourke/Physicswebsite/Relativistic%20Length%20Co traction. htm Newtons Laws. The Physics Classroom. 1996-2009. http//www. physicsclassroom. com/Class/newtlaws/u2l1a. cfm Nobel Prize Foundation. Nobel Lectures, Physics Albert Einstein. 1901-1921. http//nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/physics /laureates/1921/einstein-bio. html Truth Reality. Einstein Relativity. 1997-2009. http//www. spaceandmotion. com/albert- einsteins-theory-of-general-relativity. htm Wald, Robert M. General Relativity. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1984.