Harvard Writing Style

Library Guide on Harvard Citing and Referencing Contents Introduction2 Choosing a reference style2 What is referencing? 2 Why reference? 2 When to reference? (Plagiarism)3 In-text references4 Reference List5 Abbreviations5 Examples6 Authors6 Books8 Book8 Book chapter8 e-book from a database8 e-book from the Internet9 Encyclopaedia or dictionary9 Secondary citation9 No date10 Journal articles10 Journal article10 e-journal article from a database10 In press article11 Magazine article – no author11 Newspaper articles11 Newspaper article11Newspaper article from a database11 Internet sources12 Discussion list message12 Newsgroup message12 Blogs12 Website documents13 Course notes13 Course notes from RMIT University Library reserve13 Course notes from RMIT University Library e-reserve13 Course notes from Online @ RMIT14 Reports14 Government publications14 Parliamentary debates14 Australian Bureau of Statistics15 Legislation and Legal cases15 Legislation15 Legal cases15 Other sources1 6 Conference paper16 Thesis16 Patent16 CD-ROM16 Film, video, TV and radio program17Personal communication17 Bibliography17 Introduction The author-date system originated at Harvard University, and although they no longer produce a standard guide to referencing, a version of the author-date system is still commonly referred to as the Harvard style. Other author-date referencing styles include: Chicago, APA and MLA. The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. Each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with added information such as page numbers.The full details of these references are listed at the end of the text in a Reference list. There are many different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-date system. This document is meant only as a guide. It is important that you check with your School as to what they require for referencing. You may be penalised for not conforming to your Schoolâ⠂¬â„¢s requirements. Further details and examples may be found in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002). Electronic resources are not adequately addressed in theStyle manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) and so the principles of author-date citing have been applied in developing those examples. The information and examples are derived from the following source: Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. Choosing a reference style The style (i. e. order in which the details of a reference are cited) may vary depending on the requirements of your department, lecturer or supervisor. Some Schools produce their own guidelines for citing references.Check with your School whether they have a preferred Referencing Style. The Library also has a Style Manuals page (http://www. rmit. edu. au/library/reference/manuals) that provides links to websites on various referencing styles. What is referencing? Referencing an information source used in an academic work means to employ a standardised method of acknowledging that source. The full details of the source must be given. All information used in your assignment, thesis, etc. , whether published, or unpublished, must be referenced. Why reference? When writing a piece of academic work (ie. essay, thesis, etc. you are required to acknowledge the sources of information that you have used: Oto prove that your work has a substantial, factual basis Oto show the research you've done to reach your conclusions Oto allow your readers to identify and retrieve the references for their own use Information obtained from the Internet is covered by copyright law. For this reason it is important to cite Internet references just as you would cite print references. Many style guide producers have extended the system used for print resources and applied this to electronic resources. A date of access is very useful as Internet resources change rapidly.When to refere nce? (Plagiarism) You must reference all sources used in a particular work whether you are: Odirectly copying the words of another author (quoting), or Oputting their ideas into your own words (paraphrasing) If you do not acknowledge these sources, then you are plagiarising their work. Plagiarism is defined as the taking, using, and passing off as your own, the ideas or words of another. It is a very serious academic offence, and may result in your work being failed automatically. There is more information on this subject in Copyright, plagiarism and fair use[-;0] (http://www. rmit. edu. u/library/info-trek/copyright). RMIT University definition of plagiarism RMIT has an assessment charter, which elaborates key responsibilities common to all staff and students in relation to assessment and defines the University’s policy on plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined (RMIT 2003a) as stealing somebody’s intellectual property (IP) by presenting their work, thoughts or ideas as tho ugh they are your own. It is cheating. It is a serious academic offence and can lead to expulsion from RMIT. Plagiarism can take many forms – written, graphic and visual forms, and includes use of electronic data and material used in oral presentations.Plagiarism may even occur unintentionally, such as when the origin of the material used is not properly cited. What constitutes plagiarism? Under the charter, you may be accused of plagiarism if you do any of the following: OCopy sentences or paragraphs word-for-word from any source, whether published or unpublished (including, but not limited to books, journals, reports, theses, websites, conference papers, course notes, etc. ) without proper citation. OClosely paraphrase sentences, paragraphs, ideas or themes without proper citation. OPiece together text from one or more sources and add only linking sentences without proper citation.OCopy or submit whole or parts of computer files without acknowledging their source. OCopy des igns or works of art and submit them as your original work. OCopy a whole or any part of another student’s work. OSubmit work as your own that someone else has done for you. Enabling Plagiarism is the act of assisting or allowing another person to plagiarise your own work (RMIT 2003a). It is also a serious academic offence. More detail on what constitutes plagiarism is found in the January 2003 Policy: Plagiarism (http://mams. rmit. edu. au/1oavdg0bdd1. pdf). What is the penalty for plagiarism? Plagiarism is not permitted in RMIT University.Any use of another person’s work or ideas must be acknowledged. If you fail to do this, you may be charged with academic misconduct and face a penalty under RMIT Regulations 6. 1. 1 – Student Discipline (http://mams. rmit. edu. au/j4lb68xx36oj1. pdf. ) Penalties for plagiarism (RMIT 2003c) include: Orecording of a failure for the assignment or course Ocancellation of any or all results Osuspension from the program Oexpulsion from the program Acknowledgement: The information in this section on Plagiarism has been supplied from the Written reports and essays: guidelines for referencing and presentation (RMIT Business 2003, p. 5).In-text references In the text of your essay or thesis you should identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the author's name and year of publication of the work to which reference has been made. From the textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetical list of references for full publication details. Page numbers are essential if directly quoting from a work, use single quotation marks and relevant page number. If a work being referred to is long then page numbers may be useful to the reader. For example: Larsen (1971) was the first to propound the theory. OR The theory was first propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971).For example: Larsen (1971, p. 245) noted ‘many of the facts in this case are incorrect’. OR ’Many of the facts in this case are incorr ect’ (Larsen 1971, p. 245). For example: Larsen (1971, p. 245) questions certain aspects of this case. OR Many aspects of this case have been questioned (Larsen 1971, p. 245). If citing multiple works at one point in the text it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them. For example: Other studies of globalization focus on its cultural and human implications (Bauman 1998; Tomlinson 1999). Reference ListAt the end of your work you should include a list of ALL the references you have cited in your text. In the Harvard Style sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be listed separately as a bibliography. The same method of presentation is used for both a list of references and a bibliography. The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting with the earliest date. For example: Jones, AB 2000, †¦ Jones, B 1 995, †¦ Smith, AK 1990, †¦ Smith, AK 1995, †¦ Stein, B 2003 †¦ Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, †¦ Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, †¦Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, †¦ Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, †¦ Young, JC 1988a, †¦ Young, JC 1988b, †¦ The format of the citation depends on the nature of the work, ie. whether it is a book, journal article, website, etc. In general the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author – date – title of work – title of larger work (if any) – publishing details – date of access (if electronic). Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and the citation finishes with a full stop.Abbreviations Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include: app. c. ch. ed. (eds. )edn. et al. n. d. n. p. no. p. , pp. para. pt. rev. suppl. vol. vols. |appendixcircachapter editor (Editors)edition and othersno dateno placenumberpage/sparagraphpartrevised supplementvolume (as in Vol. 4) volumes (as in 4 volumes) | Examples Authors Whatever type of work you are referencing, the way you list the authors’ names depends on the number of authors. |In-text citation|Reference list| One author|(Jones 1995) or Jones (1995) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦|Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake! technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. | Two or three authorsWhere there is more than one author, the in-text citation in parentheses will use an ampersand (&) to join them, whilst if the reference is part of the sentence you use the word ‘ and . ’|(Stein & Reynolds 2000) or Stein and Reynolds (2000) argue†¦.. |Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings, 9th edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York. | Four or more authorsIf there are four or more authors only include the first author in your in-text citation, adding the words ‘ et al. meaning ‘and others. ’ However the Reference List should include all authors. |(Yarbro et al. 2000) or Yarbro et al. (2000) have found†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦|Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, Cancer nursing, 5th edn, Jones and Bartlett, Boston. | Multiple works at one point in the textAuthors’ names should be ordered alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them. |(Bauman 1998; Tomlinson 1999)|Bauman, Z 1998, Globalization and culture, Polity Press, Oxford. Tomlinson, J 1999, Globalization: the human consequences, Routledge, London. |Several works by same first author and yearSingle author entries precede references with multiple authors beginning with the same name. A 2-em rule can be used to replace the authors’ name(s) that are repeated. |(Heyland 2001) or Heyland (2001) reports†¦.. (Heyland & Novak 2001) or Heyland and Novak (2001) reports†¦.. |Heyland, DK 2001, ‘In search of the magic nutraceutical: problems with current approaches’, Journal of nutrition, vol. 131, no. 9, p. 2591S. —— & Novak, F 2001, ‘Immunonutrition in the critically ill patient: more harm than good? ’, JPEN: Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, vol. 5, no. 2, p. S51. | Several works by same author and yearIf you are referring to several works by the same author or group of authors from the same year, designate these a, b, c, †¦. with the order of the listing based on the letter-by-letter alphabetical order of the title of the work. |(Porter 2001a) (Porter 2001b) or Porter (2001a) states†¦. or according to Porter (2001b) †¦|Porter, ME 2001a, ‘Japan: what went wrong', Wall Street Journal – Eastern Edition, vol. 237, no. 56, p. A22. —- 2001b, ‘Strategy and the Internet', Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no. 3, p. 62. No author givenWher e an item has no named author it is cited by its title. |Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) orAccording to the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) †¦|Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. | Editor/sUse the abbreviation ed. for editor or eds. for multiple editors. |(eds. Muller, Cloete & Badat 2001)oredited by Muller, Cloete and Badat (2001)|Muller, J, Cloete, N & Badat, S (eds. ) 2001, Challenges of globalisation: South African debates with Manuel Castells, Maskew Miller Longman, Pinelands, Cape Town. Books Book Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication. Example: Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake! : technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Book chapter Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year, ‘Title of chapter’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book, Edition, Pu blisher, Place of publication, Page number(s). Examples: Crawford, RJ 1998, ‘Plastics available to the designer', in Plastics engineering, 3rd edn, Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18. orChristians, CG 2000, ‘Ethics and politics in qualitative research’, in Denzin NK & Lincoln YS Handbook of qualitative research, 2nd edn, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, pp. 133-154. e-book from a database Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you shou ld cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it is from the internet give the URL. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, database name.Example: Kung, SY, Mak, MW & Lin, SH 2004, Biometric authentication: a machine learning approach, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. , viewed 5 August 2005, Safari Tech Books Online. e-book from the Internet Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-books. If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended t o choose page image format. If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it is from the internet give the URL. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, .Example: Chen, C & Farruggia, S 2002, ‘Culture and adolescent development’, in Lonner, WJ, Dinnel, DL, Hayes, SA & Sattler, DN (eds. ), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 11, Chapter 2, Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA, viewed 15 September 2005, . Encyclopaedia or dictionary Encyclopaedias and dictionaries should be cited in the i n-text reference only, NOT in the Reference List. Examples: (Literacy in America: an encyclopedia 2001, p. 25) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Macquarie dictionary (1997) defines it as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Secondary citationWhile primary sources are essential, sometimes the source you wish to refer to may be unavailable and you must refer to someone else's citation of that source. This is a secondary source and in this case you must include both names in the in-text reference. The Reference List example would include only the source you have seen. In-text citation example: MacDonald (1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) states †¦ or (MacDonald 1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) Reference List example: Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2003, Research methods for business students, 3rd edn, Pearson Educational, Essex, p. 8. No date Works that do not have a publication date may be cited using the expression n. d. (no date). In-text citation example: (B rown n. d. ) or Brown (n. d. ) Reference List example: Brown, S n. d. B. B. Bernard, Sunshine Press, London. Journal articles Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the journal name. Do not use capital letters for words such as on, for, in, and example: The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy Journal article Format: Author(s) of article – surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume number, issue number, page number(s).Example: Zivkovic, B & Fujii, I 2001, ‘An analysis of isothermal phase change of phase change material within rectangular and cylindrical containers', Solar Energy, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 51-61. e-journal article from a database Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between journal articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing electronic j ournal articles. If a journal article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. as an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article.Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If a journal article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. Format: Author(s) of article – surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, volume number, issue number, page number(s), viewed day month year, database name. Example:Easthope, G 2004, ‘Consuming health: the market for complementary and alternative medicine', Australian Journal of Primary Health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 68-75, viewed 30 March 2005, A ustralian Public Affairs Full Text. In press article Format: Author(s) of article – surname and initials in press, ‘Title of article’, Journal name, viewed day month year, database name (if applicable). Example: Mundermann, A, Wakeling, JM, Nigg, BM, Humble, RN & Stefanyshyn, DJ in press, ‘Foot orthoses affect frequency components of muscle activity in the lower extremity ‘, Gait and posture, viewed 15 September 2005, ScienceDirect.Magazine article – no author Note: if the magazine article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List. For example: Electronics Weekly (11 July 2007, p. 4) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Newspaper articles Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the newspaper name. Note: if the newspaper article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List. For example: The Australian (10 J uly 2002, p. 1) states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Newspaper article Format:Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper name, day month, page number(s). Example: Tobler, K & Kerin, J 2002, ‘Hormone alert for cancer’, The Australian, 10 July, p. 1. Newspaper article from a database Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing electronic newspaper articles. If a newspaper article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. s an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article. Where alternative formats are available, it is recommended to choose page image format. If a newspaper article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, not the URL. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Newspaper name, day month, page number(s), viewed day month year, name of database.Example: Timmins, N 2005, ‘Delay raises doubt in public sector’, Financial Times, 20 July, viewed 21 July 2005, Factiva. Internet sources Discussion list message Format: Author Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, . Example: Shively, E 1997, ‘CA pre-1967 information’, list server, 1 July, Chemical Information Sources Discussion List, viewed 3 July 2003, . Newsgroup message Format: Author Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of newsgroup owner, viewed da y month year, .Example: Milinkovich, M 2005, ‘Oracle PL/SQL in Eclipse’, newsgroup, 12 July, News. Eclipse. Technology, 15 September 2005, , Blogs Format: Author Year of posting, ‘Title of posting’, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, . Example: Steffen, A 2005, ‘Bird flu can we out-collaborate a pandemic? ’ blog, 15 August, World Changing: another world is here, viewed 15 September 2005, . Website documents Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.If quoting or paraphrasing from a website, that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either:  ·a section heading, (eg. Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section)  ·a paragraph number (eg. Stone 2004, para. 11) Format: Author/editor. Year of document, Title of document, name of the sponsor of the source, date of viewing, . Reference list example: Stone, A 2004, Headaches due to Wind Cold, Al Stone Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines, viewed 10 September 2006, ; http://beyondwellbeing. com/headaches/wind-cold. shtml ;. In-text citation example:It is stated that: â€Å"this formula is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose, while only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies† (Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section) or It is stated that: â€Å"this formula is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose, while only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies† (Stone 2004, para. 11) Course notes Course notes from RMIT University Library reserve Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library.Example: Dixon, C 2002, Mechanical design 2: project resource material, course notes fromMIET1068, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University L ibrary. Course notes from RMIT University Library e-reserve Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library . Example: Holland, J 2004, Lecture notes 3: bulldozers and land clearing, course notes from CIVE1057, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library 1];. Course notes from Online @ RMIT Format:Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, [email  protected] Example: Smith, H 2005, Metadata, course notes from ISYS6655, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 8 July 2005, [email  protected] Reports Government publications These may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament. Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of publication, Titl e of report, Report series code and number, Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher, Place of publication.Examples: Kogan, P, Moses, I & El-Khawas, EH 1994, Staffing higher education : meeting new challenges : report of the IMHE project on policies for academic staffing in higher education, Higher education policy series, no. 27, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London. OR Australia, Parliament 1976, Department of Foreign Affairs annual report 1975, Parl. Paper 142, Canberra. Many government publications are available on the Internet. The following document appeared as a Parliamentary paper, but is also available from the relevant authority's website. The way you access a document may affect your citation. Examples:Australia, Parliament 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, Parl. Paper 32, Canberra. AND Australian National Audit Office 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, viewed August 4 2003, . Parliamentary debates For parliamentary debates and the official records of what has been said in parliament. Example: Australia, Senate 2000, Debates, Vol S25, p. 65. Australian Bureau of Statistics Format: Author’s name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no. , Publisher, Place of publication. Example: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, Australian social trends 2005, cat. o. 4102. 0, ABS, Canberra. OR Format: Author’s name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no. , Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, database name. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004, Mental Health In Australia: A Snapshot, cat. no. 4824. 0. 55. 001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 18 August 2005, AusStats. Legislation and Legal cases Legislation When referring to Commonwealth Acts, Ordinances and Regulations, the title must be reproduced exactly, without changing the capitalisation or spelling. The words Act and Bill are generally written with a capital letter.An Act or Ordinance may be cited by the short title, which is usually drafted into modern legislation. The first reference must always include the short title in italics. Subsequent references may refer to it by an undated, descriptive title in roman type. Legislation is usually numbered as well as dated. The number follows the date. For Australian State legislation, the State must be included in roman type. Acts of Parliaments of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, use roman type. Bills currently before Parliament are presented in roman type, not italics. Examples:Interstate Road Transport Act 1985 (Cwlth) Interstate Road Transport Act Air Navigation Act 1920 (No. 50) (Cwlth) Firearms Act 1936 (NSW) Badgers Act 1974 (UK) Legal cases To fully cite legal authorities list name of case; (date) or volume number, or both; abbreviated name of report series; and beginning page. Example: Greutner v. Everard (1960) 103 CLR 177 Other sources Conference paper Format: Author’s surname , Initials Year of publication, ‘Title of paper’, [in] Editor (if applicable), Title of published proceeding which may include place held and date(s), Publisher, Place of publication, page number(s).Example: Kovacs, GL 1994, ‘Simulation-scheduling system using hybrid software technology’, in Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Automation Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International conference, Troy, New York, October 10-12, 1994, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, pp. 351-356. Thesis Format: Author’s surname, Initials Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title of thesis’, Award, Institution under whose auspices the study was taken. Example: Garland, CP 1986, ‘Structure and removal of non-cellulosic components of eucalypt woods’, MApplSci thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.Patent Format: Name(s) of inventor. Name(s) of assignees, Patent title, Patent number Date of patent (including day and m onth). Example: Wilmott, JM & Znaiden, AP Avon Products Inc. , Cosmetic preparation incorporating stabilized ascorbic acid, U. S. patent 4,983,382 Jan. 8 1991. CD-ROM Format: Author/editor’s name, Initials Year, Title, Edition, CD-ROM, Publisher, Place of publication. Example: Young, B & Heath, J 2000, Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas, 4th edn, CD-ROM, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Film, video, TV and radio program Format:Title of program Date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording, date viewed. Example: What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television program, SBS Television, Sydney, 8 August. Or Swiss ball: exercises for performance and function 1999, video recording, Galaxy Leisure Corporation, 3 February. Note: the in-text reference would be to the title of the program, also in italics. Personal communication Information gained through personal communication, either – face-to-face interview or conversation, telephone call, facsimile, letter, email, etc. – should be provided as an in-text citation.Details of personal communications do not need to be included in the Reference List. The information, including day, month and year, is provided in the text, or parenthically. Details of the organisation that the person represents may also be included. Note that initials precede the family name. Examples: When interviewed on 24 April 1999, Ms S Savieri confirmed†¦.. Ms S Savieri confirmed this by facsimile on 24 April 1999. It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri 1999, pers. comm. , 24 April). Ms S Savieri (Australian Institute of Criminology) confirmed this by email on 24 April 1999.It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri [Australian Institute of Criminology] 1999, pers. comm. , 24 April). Bibliography RMIT Business 2003, Written reports and essays: guidelines for referencing and presentation in RMIT Business, RMIT Universit y, Melbourne. Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. [-;0] – http://www. rmit. edu. au/browse;ID=obcz6j8do3ll [-;1] – http://auth. lib. rmit. edu. au/cat. php? http://eresources. lib. rmit. edu. au/ereserve/notes02/cive1057/31259006935782. pdf

Music Affects Mood Essay

Music is any form of sound in a synchronized pattern that affects the brainwaves. Together with many instruments, an emotional harmony is created that can single-handedly manipulate human emotion. When music manipulates emotion to an extreme degree, the practice can become an addiction. There are many causes for being a music addict. It provides an artificial sanctuary, bringing out the emotion that a person is feeling. Music is limitless; there is no end to its boundaries. Music affects how you feel, react, and learn. I can be in the best of moods, then listen to a sad song and start to feel depressed. You listen to something more upbeat your mood will lighten, and you become happier. Music’s ability to â€Å"heal the soul† is the stuff of legend in every culture. Many people find that music lifts their spirits. Modern research tends to confirm music’s psychotherapeutic benefits. Bright, cheerful music (e.g. Mozart, Vivaldi, bluegrass, Klezmer, Salsa, reggae) is the most obvious prescription for the blues. Animals are similar. You play rock and roll and they usually run out of the room, at least mine do. But if you put on some jazz or especially classical, they lie down and close their eyes. It is soothing and calming. Jazz, blues, soul or calypso music can uplift and inspire us, releasing deep joy or even deep sadness, conveying wit and affirming our common humanity. People will also recognize happy faces if they are feeling happy themselves. A new study by researcher Jacob Jolij and student Maaike Meurs of the Psychology Department of the University of Groningen shows that music has an even more dramatic effect on perception: even if there is nothing to see, people sometimes still see happy faces when they are listening to happy music and sad faces when they are listening to sad music. Pretty interesting, but this notion really makes sense. The power of music to affect memory is quite intriguing. Mozart’s music and baroque music, with a 60 beats per minute beat pattern, activates the left and right brain. The simultaneous left and right brain action maximizes learning and re tention of information. The information being studied activates the left brain while the music activates the right brain. Also, activities which engage both sides of the brain at the same time, such as playing an instrument or singing, cause the brain to be more capable of processing information. Classical music, such as Haydn and Mozart, often improves concentration and memory when played in the background. When I am studying or writing, I want just soft back ground music. Because when I’m listening to upbeat hip-hop or lyrical music, I tend to concentrate on the words more than my studies or book. Also if I’m writing and I’m listening to a lyrical song I tend to write the words in the songs other than what I need to be writing, without thinking about it! I have seen moms in movies put headphones around their tummy when they are pregnant and play classical music such as Mozart because they wanted their children to grow up being smart. Clinical researchers at the U.C.L.A School of Nursing in Los Angeles, and at Georgia Baptist Medical Center in Atlanta, found that premature babies gained weight faster and were able to use oxygen more efficiently when they listened to soothing music. Some rhythms, such as Baroque, induce enzymes in the brain and add amazing well being and focus. Slower Baroque music, such as Bach, Handel, Vivaldi or Corelli, can create mentally stimulating environments for creativity and new innovations. I hear people complaining about baroque and classical music being boring, but if that kind of music was never around, then the music we have now would not exist. So I appreciate it, and I agree with the fact it helps people study and feel more creative. Romantic music, such as Schubert, Schumann, Tchaikovsky, Chopin and Liszt, enhances our senses and increases a sense of sympathy and love. Liszt was a ladies’ man, and piano master. Some consider his music vulgar and bombastic; others revel in its extroverted romantic rhetoric. Chopin’s pieces were elegant and peaceful. He composed a lot of nocturnal and waltz’s. Chopin, at the age of 10 he was often summoned to play for the Grand Duke Constantine, governor of Poland. The Duke had recurring seizures of madness which could seemingly be controlled only by Chopin’s music. When the little boy played, the seizures abated and the governor could resume his normal activities, only to send for Chopin again when the musical medicine wore off. The Schumann’s were a couple who wrote music together. But before they married Mr. Schumann composed a song about the little girl he taught and would later marry, Chiarina. His wife wrote too, but she preferred to perform. Their love story is sweet and so is their music. This is the reason why this time period was called Romantic, music and musicians were more free and felt love. Rock music, from Elvis Presley to the Rolling Stones, stirs passion and activity, and so can release daily tensions. Rock can also mask pain and cover up unpleasant noises. It also has the power to create dissonance, stress or physical pain if we are not in the mood for energizing. Keep in mind that listening to too much pop and hard rock music can make a person more jittery than energized. I know that a lot of guys like to listen it in the workout room to get pumped up. But those who worked out while listening to Vivaldi scored higher in a test of cognitive function. I like a little bit of rock, as it definitely opened the doors for different music to come through. Heavy metal and hip-hop music excites our nervous system, and sometimes leads us into acting out dynamic behavior and self-expression.. I understand you may not want to listen to happy-go-lucky music when you are upset, but why would you listen to something so heavy that it makes you want to bang ones head on something. The words in metal and hip-hop are words we want to say but don’t have the courage to. So we just listen and close our eyes, and it is our song for three minutes because the singers understand. It’s very pumped up and ready to fire off. Hip-hop is dance-able and heavy metal is someone just screaming or yelling for you when you want to. Country music is similar in that it features messages with which listening can identify. A lot of couples use country songs as â€Å"our song†. It has evolved over the years and women have a bigger role in this than any other genre. I have compared some old country music to the newer releases. Now performers sing about more than a truck, drinking, dogs, and a girl. But most country music does have a girl mentioned somewhere. Perhaps that’s the southern way of being romantic, strumming a guitar and singing about one’s lady. But then I have heard that is one of the genres that don’t promote happy feelings. In fact, supposedly country music has been linked to depression and suicide. Suicide rates for Cauca sian Americans living in metropolitan areas are higher in those cities where more country music is played on the radio. If you find yourself feeling down and depressed, country music is definitely not the music you want to be listening to. I don’t know if I agree with that, I just think that country is mostly just good southern music. I don’t listen to it all the time, but occasionally I like the sound and feeling down to earth, unless I just happen to be picking the better songs. I try to pick song without bad language or vulgar meaning. There are better things out there than that. Listening to music with vulgar meaning or language affects how we react and what we think about. Amy Winehouse wrote about drugs, drinking and rehab. Then later she died due to those causes. Was her personal life influenced by being awarded for singing about it? Somewhat unsettling in my opinion. Rap artists use such vulgar language and degrade women why do we listen to it or put up with it. It makes us women look like a piece of meat: Young adults, both male and female, who listen to rap music, are generally more accepting of violence towards women. Rap songs are more known to promote angry feelings than any other. However, there are numerous people who state that rap music makes them feel more relaxed. Others feel more energetic and happy because a lot of rap music promotes dancing and movement. This genre is just one of the examples of music with diverse results. Rap is not music, as it lacks any musical parts. It is rhyming over a beat that the rapper did not usually originally create. And if Mozart heard it, I think he would have a stern talking to that person. But enough of rap, let get into something everyone can associate music with. Music plays a huge part in movies also. When directors want a certain emotion coming out of that scene, they get someone to compose a song. As both music and film sequences are structured in time according to the viewers’ perception, there is a strong link between the two when played together. A viewer has two perceptual modes whilst watching film and listening to music, real time or ontological applies to where the viewer/listener perceives each note or movement, and psychological time in which the composition/film is perceived more subjectively and the viewer takes what they see/hear as a whole. Like â€Å"Jaws,† when the shark shows up, it plays that classic song that everyone can quote. It puts you on the edge of your seat because you know something will happen. I just got done watching â€Å"Parent Trap,† starring Lindsay Lohan, for the millionth time. In the movie when the mom hugs her other daughter for the first time in eleven years, the music gets higher and just more flowing and elegant. It made me cry, but when I muted it, it just like watching a moving scene. Not readily really feeling anything, you had to try to base your feeling on the actor’s facial expressions. To summon up here is an overall look on people opinions. I found a really neat survey that people all over the world took. Here is each question and the highest chosen answer for each. How does classical music affect your mood? 69 people answered this question and 45 said relaxed. How does rock/metal music affect your mood? 83 people answered and 25 people said both angry and happy and coming in close behind 23 said anxious. How does jazz affect your mood? 72 people answered and 35 said relaxed. How does hip-hop music affect your mood? 68 people answered and 24 said happy and coming in close behind 21 said anxious. How does country music affect your mood? This was a really close one. 75 people answered. 8 people said anxious, 15 people said angry, 16 people said relaxed, and then 18 people tied between depressed and happy. It’s really a powerful drug. Music can POISON you, lift your spirits, or MAKE YOU SICK without knowing why. Music is used everywhere to condition the human mind. It can be just as powerful as a drug and much more dangerous, because nobody takes musical manipulation very seriously. There is just so much to say about different genres and how they can affect people. No music is neutral. All of it affects your brain and emotions, as well as physical and spiritual being. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å"Addiction to Music†, November 13, 2008, http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/20776.html, (accessed March 26, 2012) [ 2 ]. â€Å"How Music Affects Us and Promotes Our Health,† 2011, http://www.emedexpert.com/tips/music.shtml, (accessed March 8, 2012) [ 3 ]. Dr. Ellen Weber, â€Å"The Brain On Music, November 14, 2008, http://www.brainleadersandlearners.com/multiple-intelligences/musical/the-brain-on-music/, (accessed March 8, 2012) [ 4 ]. University of Groningen, â€Å"Research Show Music Changes Perception,† April 27, 2011, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110427101606.htm, (accessed March 7, 2012) [ 5 ]. â€Å"How Music Affects Us and Promotes Our Health,† 2011, http://www.emedexpert.com/tips/music.shtml, (accessed March 7, 2012) [ 6 ]. Dr. Ellen Weber, â€Å"The Brain On Music,† November 14, 2008,

The title is related to New applications of mathematics or Maths and Essay

The title is related to New applications of mathematics or Maths and technology - Essay Example The resultants are thus technological advancements in every field of life. May it be the field of arts, science or the corporate management the application of mathematics in each of these fields has proved to be meritorious for the concerned field. This study commences with an introduction of the applications of mathematics on both arts and science. It further focuses on one of the fields of science, namely ‘biology’, for elaboration and evidence. Mathematics can be described as a science of numbers that involves quantities, relationships and measurements. A further focus on this science reveals results of its different applications as follows: APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS TO ARTS The domain of arts is widespread on a number of things. It uses creativity and skill to bring objects to a state that confirms to aesthetic sense. The applications of mathematics, that is, of numerical quantities and relationships, on procedures of art, have originated certain domains that were not known to man earlier. Geometrical patterns are evident in almost everything around us. This was realized even by ancient Greeks. Art models and sculptures dating back to those times can be seen to have clear influence of mathematical patterns. Consider, for example, the 5,000 year old ‘Flower of Life’. This pattern consists of an array of circles positioned in different rows. These circles are positioned such that the radius of one row of circles is positioned on the circumference of the circles of the neighboring rows. Figure 1 depicts the Flower of Life. Looking at the figure from another angle reveals certain mathematical facts implemented into it. Looking closely it is seen that a triangle is formed when the centers of three neighboring circles are focused. Application of the Sine and Cosine rules to the triangle and assuming that the circles have a radius of unit 1 it is observed that each row is v3/2 apart. Then there are innumerable other artifacts that displ ay the applications of mathematics. Examples are: ‘The Golden Ratio’ (The famous portrait of Mona Lisa exhibits an aesthetic application of divine ratio), ‘The Pyramids’, ‘The Parthenon’, ‘De Divina Porportione’ and so on. APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE Biology can be interpreted as ‘The study of life’. The word ‘bio’ means ‘life’. Both the mathematics and biology are completely distinct from each other at their core. Time and again, it has been proved that the assistance of math in biology has opened horizons of knowledge that were once not known to man. This article attempts to verify that despite being different in nature the application of mathematics in Biology holds immense importance. Edward K. Yeargers,  Ronald W. Shonkwiler,  J. V. Herod (1996) state in their book that Biology produces interesting problems and mathematics provides models to understand them. Afte r results have been obtained from the models, biology returns to test them. (p.1). How that is done is a very vast paradigm, the details of which would take thousands of words to cover. The studies of mathematics when applied to biology result in various amazing discoveries. A few of the applications of mathematics in biology are attempted to be discussed below. Biology and Mathematics make a very unique and suitable combination. Mathematical descriptions are very well taken by Biology as if they were tailor-made for them. Various key elements in quantitative biology are understandable through the study of mathematics.

Rolls Royce Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rolls Royce Plc - Essay Example Rolls Royce PLC provides varied categories of products such as civil aerospace products, defence aerospace products, marine products, energy products and nuclear products. It develops and markets commercial aero engines for large and small aircrafts, helicopters and combat jets. It also manufactures transporters, propulsors, reduction gears, gas engines, fuel cells and steam generator services among others. Along with the various products, Rolls Royce PLC also offers variety of support services such as TotalCare, CorporateCare, MissionCare, technical support services and ‘Marine Tailored Solutions’ as well as reactor support services among others to its customers (Rolls-Royce Plc, 2012). Main Competitors Rolls Royce PLC is one of the world’s top manufacturers of high power gas turbine engines which gained its prominence in the global cutthroat market due to its use of extremely advanced technologies. One of the main competitors of Rolls Royce PLC is GE Aviation. O ther than GE Aviation, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Siemens AG, Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation, General Electric Power Systems among others are also close competitors of Rolls Royce PLC. ... Group is a comprehensive product and service providing organisation with customers in 135 countries and manufacturing facilities in over 14 countries. In this competitive scenario, the needs and wants of the customers are the primary criteria which are considered by organisation in any field. Rolls-Royce PLC satisfies the needs of the customers by delivering cost-effective products and efficient global support services, and so it is highly preferred among others. The customers from the world's important airlines and jet operators mainly rely on the Rolls Royce among others due to its efficient support as well as understanding towards the requirements of the prospective partners and suppliers. The service strategy of TotalCare and updated technologies are the key factors which differentiates Rolls Royce from other competitors (Rolls-Royce Plc, 2012). Opportunities and Threats The Rolls Royce PLC is one of the leading international makers and suppliers of aircraft engines. It became su ccessful due to its advanced technologies and competent customer services. But both globalisation and competitiveness of the market, act as opportunities as well as threats for Rolls Royce PLC. In order to sustain in this global market, Rolls-Royce PLC should develop new products, new international markets, and innovative technologies and also try to diversify to different product lines among others so as to enhance its business growth, prosperity and customer loyalty. This may act as the opportunities in the next three years which can improve Rolls Royce PLC’s corporate image and profitability among competitors. Moreover, the threats which might hinder the growth of the organisation may be the entrance of potential competitors, economic recession, new developing rules and regulations

Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Homelessness - Essay Example Governments as well as organizations have tried in combating the issue of homelessness but the fight is yet to be won. The state of homelessness is not pleasant. According to worldwide survey conducted in 2005, it was apparent that there were more than one hundred million people without permanent dwellings across the world; it is almost obvious that this figure has grown with time considering the exponentially advancing capitalism economy across the world. The worst hit is countries in Africa and some parts of Asia, the situation in the United States and Europe is better. According to a survey by the National Alliance to End Homelessness, there was a minimal reduction in the state of homelessness in America between 2009 and 2011; this reduction was by a margin of one percent (Coalition of the Homeless of Central Florida 1). The reduction was attributed to several advancements in the side of the Federal government as well as the state governments. A major breakthrough has been courtesy of an innovative program launched in 2010 by the federal government dubbed Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Program ( Coalition of the Homeless of Central Florida 1). Various causes are accompanied by homelessness all across the world. It appears that the driving forces are the same, poverty. United States is one of the countries that enjoy low rates of homelessness courtesy of the well-established economy. Countries that are struggling in keeping up with economic instabilities are worst hit, some parts of Africa have reported up to millions of people living in muddy houses and makeshift houses if not tents. However, there are policies in development by individual countries to counter the menace. Enactment of workable policies and growing the economy seems to the lasting solution, the realization of these will be a contribution of all the relevant stakeholders. In order to prevent homelessness all individuals must take an active

The Tenure of Dianne Feinstein as Mayor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Tenure of Dianne Feinstein as Mayor - Essay Example We analyze how the people of San Francisco tried to preserve a balance among wealthier and poorer elements of the population. We also illustrate the buildings that were renovated or taken down and how Walker assesses whether the efforts were successful or not. San Francisco is a city famously recognized as a beautiful, vivacious and highly habitable. This was not the case in the 19th century because the city was excoriated to an astonishing extent, soon after the rich made it have a scene of improper management. In the present day, it would have been of less admiration if the unusual disturbance opposing to the newly construction could not have taken place. The opposition was remarkably successful, and such a situation had not yet occurred elsewhere in America and this rebellion is the one that makes the city more welcoming for the people’s habitation (Richard 200). Dianne Feinstein offered her service as the 35th mayor of San Francisco. She was the first female to ever get th e position as mayor. Her election was for two complete terms. She served as the mayor in 1978 after the death of Harvey Moscone. She was extremely judicious; she strongly supported law and measures of order. On several occasions, various feminist groups and the gay got annoyed with her. This was so because she was able to manage her attitude with open minded views about the way of life. During her time as mayor, she managed to demonstrate her skills in politics and great level of governmental ability (Mikulski and Catherine 145). In the gubernatorial race in 1990, Pete Wilson defeated Feinstein. However, she effectively managed the portion of the term of Wilsons Senate that was unexpired, in 1992. She became particularly famous in the United States because the active political practice in the state. She also participated actively in the neighboring politics and in the ruling body. Various constituencies in the society got appealed by Feinstein, by the way she followed a moderate pat h which integrated several intriguing political customs and the politics which was conservative. She had center of attention to issues of offense. She was also interested in the police staffing and the centralized expenditure for the cities. She succeeded in controlling the level of crime in the city (Roberts 253). Challenges were there too despite Diane's efforts. This has seen in the balancing of the budget which the cutbacks exacerbated in the condition and centralized spending for the cities. While in the Senate, Feinstein stood on very firm stand regarding several issues. She was remarkably honest against the verdict of President Bill Clinton to formulate Mexico a United State partner in the battle against drugs that are not legal. Later on she successfully managed the city budget, inaugurated the administration that had freedom and the workplace guiding principles. She fully supported the growth of downtown and the expansion of money matters. Through this, she was able to be a friend to downtown business interest. Feinstein always considered the security of civilians to be on the forefront. She was able to make Laguna Honda Hospital acquire grant by creating compliance of the hospital with the state and the centralized law. When Feinstein she was sixteen, her uncle took her to San Francisco Board of Supervisors (the city council) gatherings. Later on she

Profit and loss account - Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profit and loss account - - Assignment Example This ratio determines the efficiency, profitability and liquidity level of the company. Profit margin is one of the ratios that is used to determine the amount of profit a company makes over time. Both A and B there is improved performance since the profit margin is seen increase in the year 2012 (Siddiqui, 2005). These two ratios determine the liquidity position of a company. While current ratio includes inventories, acid test ratio does not. They measure the capability of a company to meet up the obligations that are falling due. A ratio of higher than one is considered good. Both A and B there is improved performance since the acid test ratio increased in 2012 while the current ratio remained unchanged. These ratios measure the ability of the company to convert stock to cash. In both A and B there is reduction in debt collection period and this implies increased efficiency since the period it takes for the debts to be cleared is reduced. This in the end shows an improvement in the year

Tempering Justice With Mercy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Tempering Justice With Mercy - Essay Example When arguing on the basis of proportionality of punishment, people tend to question the effect of mercy on justice, whether mercy makes victims receive more punishment in legal the system than they deserve or that people receive less punishment than they deserve. This is because when mercy is considered in the process of delivering justice, it would either lead to a sentence being either lower than deserving of a victim or make a victim get lesser sentence than a crime deserves. This dilemma has made many question the appropriateness of fusing justice with mercy and thus tempering justice with mercy. Whiles some reason that mercy is necessary in ensuring that people receive the most proportionate form of punishment due to the nature and circumstances surrounding their crime, there are others who have said that mercy often make people take less than they deserve for their crime and thus serve as an indictment on the legal system. In this paper, the issue of tempering justice with mercy is given a very critical and well researched overview. This is because it is commonly thought that if judges in criminal cases are obliged to do justice, justice must always be allowed to prevail without any disruptions with mercy. In the same manner, prosecutors and parole boards are expected to exercise discretion with maximum justice.

You are going to write an annotated bibliography of the research you

You are going to write an of the research you have done for your research paper - Annotated Bibliography Example This time Russia’s next move will affect the interests of the EU and may provoke unrest in Europe. The state of Ukraine is getting ready for presidential elections while the EU and US politicians are speculating about possible sanctions against Russia. The future of business and political order in Europe largely depends on the outcome of the election in Ukraine. The stakes are very high for all the players. The situation in Ukraine will affect global political influence and economic stability of dollar and Euro in international trade. I chose this source because it outline the events that led to political unrest and economic problems in Ukraine. It thought it would be important to understand what led to the crisis and explain its significance for existing world order. The article helps to understand why events in Ukraine affected the balance of power in the world. What is more, the source lists the candidates in the upcoming presidential election. It would be useful to try to understand how each of them would affect the balance of power in the region. Economist Staff (2014, March 22). The post-Soviet world order was far from perfect, but Vladimir Putin’s idea for replacing it is much worse. The Economis. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21599346-post-soviet-world-order-was-far-perfect-vladimir-putins-idea-replacing-it Russian President Vladimir Putin presents his actions in Ukraine to the world community as an attempt to build a new world order based on legitimacy. This approach finds some supporters in world politics where American supremacy is no longer unchallenged, especially after American failed efforts in Iraq and Syria. However, on closer inspection there are more differences than similarities between American and Russian actions in world politics. Firstly, Putin’s actions in Ukraine are likely to create unrest in many places across the world. Russian annexation of Crimea opens a

Plain Packaging on Cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Plain Packaging on Cigarettes Essay Tobacco laws have started as early as the 1970s (ACOSH, 2010). Government has implanted laws, such that of the Tobacco Act (1987), which goals are to discourage the smoking of tobacco, encouraging non-smokers; in particular young people to not start smoking, to limit the exposure of children and young people to the persuasion of smoking, to encourage and assists smokers to give up smoking, and finally the promotion of good well being and illness prevention. The tobacco act of 1897, had over the years since, been reformed, and it seems like there is no stopping now. To further reinforce its initial goal, recently the Australian government reformed this Tobacco Act. The Australian government had announced, the 25% increase in tobacco tax, plain packaging on tobacco products to be implemented in the near future of 2012, ban on tobacco advertisement on the internet, as well as major increase in funding for tobacco media campaigns (ACOSH, 2010). The implementation of plain packaging on tobacco products of the announcement fueled a major debate with very opposing views. Those against tobacco plain packaging bring up issues of illicit trading, trademark rights, and lack of evidence; that plain packaging would in fact reduce cigarette consumptions (PMI, 2010). On the contrary, anti-smoking groups and health advocates, such as World Health Organizations (WHO), Cancer Council Australia (CCA, 2010) fully supports the new reformation to the Tobacco Act. They argue that plain packing would make cigarettes less appealing, and eliminates any last straw of advertisements, which the tobacco companies have put in placed, to begin with, to promote consumption of their tobacco products. Firstly, Tobacco Companies argue that plain packaging implementation is an unintelligent move on the government. Tobacco companies propose that plain packaging would promote illicit trading. Philip Morris international (PMI), one of the leading international tobacco companies views are that they are opposing the legislation mandating plain packaging. PMI state that they support effective regulation of tobacco based on harm reduction (PMIMSA, 2010). However they feel that plain packaging is too extreme, and that the government has gone too far. PMI states that Plain packaging would be easier to be counterfeited, as the plain packaging are simple and are not designed uniquely. This illicit trading would cause a major loss in the government revenue, stating that the government would lose an estimated of $40. 5 billions of dollars annually (PMIMSA, 2010). With illicit trading the Tobacco Company also believed that it will spark a new problem; that the counterfeited tobacco products would be more harmful to smokers. Tobacco Company believes that with the counterfeit tobacco products, consumers are not guaranteed that their products are safe, because of poor quality, since it has been found that counterfeited products of tobacco contains â€Å"rat droppings, fiber glass†¦ and high levels of toxic chemicals. † (PMIMSA, 2010). Another large tobacco company, British American Tobacco Australia, along with the PMI, have tried to make aware that plain packaging would also cause harm to retailers of local business, stating that it would cause retailers great confusion and inconvenience (ARR, 2010). It would inconvenience retailers, because all packets would look the same, and thus taking them longer to make transactions with customers. Retailer is also made to believe that with more time spent on one transaction it would result security issues, as they would not be able to pay more attention to their shop (PMIMSA, 2010). As well as illicit trading and inconveniencing issues, Tobacco Companies do not approve the plain packaging because it violates trademark rights. With the removal of current packaging and the implementation of plain packaging, it breaches intellectual property rights (Casben, 2010). According to Canadian Health Minister David Dingwall, plain packaging would â€Å"violate trademarks and constitutional rights† (PMIMSA, 2010) Finally, tobacco companies say that there is no evidence which proves that plain packaging would in fact reduce smoking. Arguing that young adolescence first encounter with cigarettes, are in most case, a single cigarette already taken out of the pack and handed to them from their peers. Nonetheless, Government with the support of anti-smoking and health advocate believes that with the plain packaging implements taking place, it will reduce smoking and consequently allow smokers to have the opportunity to break the habit. Plain packaging of tobacco is like removing the force which drives young adolescence to take up smoking, as well as to remove any temptations and promotion to ex-smokers as well as active smokers (Freeman, Chapman, Rimmer, 2008) Advertisements main objectives are to promote the selling of their products to consumers. They are meant to appeal to many people by their use of puns, catchy phrases, and the messages that sends out â€Å"glamour†, causing it to be an object desire. The ban of advertisement on tobacco products in the media, billboards, and eventually the Point of Sale Advertising regulations under the Tobacco Control Act (1990), which prohibits tobacco advertising outside of shops or in view of public places, leaves the tobacco companies, the need to use smarter ways to sell their products. The package of cigarettes currently, does exactly this, it promotes smoking and â€Å"it’s the only mechanism remaining to make the link explicit between the package and the imagery created†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (CCS, 1993). Plain packaging, as explained by Fiona Sharkie (2010), the executive director of Quit, in the article, Big tobaccos coughing fit a big tick for plain packaging, would mean that â€Å"Cigarette packets will no longer feature a colorful, flashy mini-billboard, communicating images of desirability and glamour The brand name will be featured in a mandated size and font, alongside an enlarged graphic health warning,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  on either a white or brown colored background. Studies have shown (Freeman, Chapman, Rimmer, 2008), which provides evidence that plain packs would be perceived as dull and boring as well as cheap looking hence reducing the flair and appeal associated with smoking. The idea surrounding plain packaging, however seems to be unsuccessful to active smokers, a person stating in the article, Tobacco companies rally against plain packaging (2010), that I dont go into the shop and go, hmm, which one is going to look prettiest this week. I have a particular brand that I smoke and have smoked for quite a long time and will continue to smoke those. This reformation however, are not to target active smokers primarily, it is design to stop young children to be tempted to try because of the constant bombarding the desirable, colorful packages of cigarettes (Casben, 2010). Children even though are not seeing the advertisement in the media per se, encounters cigarettes packages everyday and everywhere. We have failed to remove the last promotion of cigarettes, which are unconsciously being fed to them constantly through packages. Further by removing the packaging, not only we would eradicate all forms of advertisements, it would also remove the visibility on the shelf to the population. The plain packaging would reinforce to ex-smokers that, the government are supporting their actions. Ex-smokers would no longer be reminded of their bad habits and will never be tempted to take on smoking once again. The plain packaging which would contain, large warning sign, would be seen in the eyes of young children, as harmful substances. This would decline their desire to try. These labels would only projects cigarettes as one thing; POISON. The tobacco company remains certain that plain packaging would not be efficient. They are fighting very hard in order to stop this Act from taking place. The negative attitude towards this reformations, speaks loudly and clearly, that they are afraid that the new reforms might in fact be effective. Government should, in my opinion, ensure that plain packaging, which is due to be implemented on 2012, be carried out. Tobacco has already shaped the society this far, and would continue to shape our society for the many years to come. It would remain as ongoing issue. Clearly the prohibition of this product would not be a smart option, and certainly not a solution to our problem. Thus, governments should continue to make changes to the Tobacco Act. Even though these laws may not be a 100% in its efficiency would provide a long term goal in reducing smoking amongst active smokers and keeping the younger generation from taking up smoking. Since there are some degree of correlation between plain packaging and reduction of cigarette consumption (Freeman, Chapman, Rimmer, 2008), plain packaging should be given an opportunity. It is at the very least; better to have tried, than turning a blind eye and saying that wont work therefore should not try. Reference http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-29/tobacco-companies-rally-against-plain-packaging/414540

Fidel Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis

Fidel Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis The purpose of this investigation is to answer the question to what extent was Fidel Castros role in Cuba more significant than Khrushchevs role in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The main body of evidence will investigate how Fidel Castro and Nikita S. Khrushchev were involved with the Cuban Missile Crisis. Evidence will include scholarly journals, articles, books, and documentaries. Documents will be analyzed in regards to their origins, purpose, value, and limitations in order to properly evaluate evidence. The book, Khrushchev Remembers written by Nikita Khrushchev and Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis for Warsaw Pact Nuclear Operations written by Mark Kramer have been evaluated and will be used for the evidence to formulate an analysis. An analysis of these documents, as well as the summary of evidence will be used to determine Fidel Castros significance in the Cuban Missile Crisis. B. Summary of Evidence In early 1962, an American invasion was planned to overthrow Castros dictatorship in Cuba. It was beneath these conditions when Cubans learned that the Soviet Union was very much concerned about a direct assault of Cuba by the United States and that they tried to figure out how to increase their countrys capability to defend against an assault (Zubok 9). Soviet Leader Khrushchev imagined a plan of protecting Cuban independence by installing missiles with nuclear weapons in Cuba without the United States noticing or able to discover until it was too late to do anything about it. Castro accepted Khrushchevs proposal. After hearing that Castro approved the Soviet Leaders proposal the Soviet Union began installing nuclear weapons (Allyn 3). Before the Cuban Missile Crisis between the United States and Cuba, Castro and American relationships were tense because of the Bay of Pigs in 1961 (Khrushchev 29). The President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, called for a naval line of defense from Cuba and used diplomatic negotiations with the Soviet Leader Khrushchev to come to a settlement in the removal of the weapons. Numerous events took place during the negotiations that influenced the increased tensions and appeared to bring the world even closer to a nuclear catastrophe (Brenner 6). One of the numerous incidents was that the United States believed that Castro was the one who ordered Cuban artillery to fire at the U.S. planes on the morning of 27 October, 1962 (Hershberg 7). Even though Castro may have ordered Cuban artillery to fire, there was no evidence that he prepared Soviet artillery to fire (Fursenko 42). In addition, an incident that took place and influenced the increased tension between the countries was Castros letter to Soviet Leader Khrushchev which suggested that the Soviet Union should launch a first-strike nuclear attack on the United States (Kramer 126). Castro was pushed into an alliance with communist Soviet Union which left Castro suspicious of American designs in Cuba (Burr 7). The Cuban Missile Crisis came to an end on 28 October 1962 when both the President of the United States and the Soviet Leader came to a settlement which was the Soviet Union removing their weapons from Cuba while being watched by the United States and the United States removing their naval line of defense and promising that they would not overrun Cuba. Soviet Leader Khrushchevs announced a new order on the radio which was to take apart the weapons that they created (Welch 234). Castro would not contribute in the negotiations which left the situation to be resolved between the United States and the Soviet Union. Soviet Leader Khrushchevs announcement on the radio to take apart the weapons not stunned and humiliated Castro for not taking part in the negotiations (Garthoff 51). Although Soviet Leader Khrushchev was in charge during the time period of the Cuban Miss ile Crisis of 1962, Castro was still very much involved with the deployment of nuclear weapons and the shooting of the renaissance plane. Castros role in the Cuban Missile Crisis was pretty significant in the Cuban Missile Crisis; however, because he did not participate in the negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis was not as important as mine (Khrushchev 101-102). C. Evaluation of Sources Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis for Warsaw Pact Nuclear Operations by Mark Kramer, a researcher from the Davis Center for Russian Studies, also known as The Russian Research Center at Harvard University, presents a detailed and comprehensive account of the origins of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The book goes into detail about how Fidel Castro visualizes Cubas troubles and what he hopes to do about it derived from this account of a unique conference held in Havana in 1992. The purpose of this source is to convey what Cuba was going through during the Cuban Missile Crisis and what Cuba has learned from this situation that took place. The value of this source is that this helps answer the question to what extent was the significance of Fidel Castros role in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 because this sources helps aid the comprehension on Castros influence on Cuba. This source is also valuable because it is written by a researcher that has studied the Cuban Missile Crisis for severa l years and a multitude of information on the topic. A limitation of this source is that it does not address why Castro allowed the Soviet to install missiles. Another limitation is because this source is written in the Soviet Leaders perspective, the role of Fidel Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis not emphasized. Khrushchev Remembers written by Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet Leader during the time period of the Cuban Missile Crisis provides an elaborate and inclusive description of the origins of Soviet Leader Khrushchevs experiences during the Cuban Missile Crisis. It goes into elaborate detail about his memories on the Cuban Missile Crisis and his recollections strengthen the impression of gratitude for small things won or not lost. The purpose of this source is to depict what the Soviet Leader of Cuba remembered during the Cuban Missile Crisis period. The value of this source is that this helps answer the question to what extent was Fidel Castros role in Cuba significant in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 because of the source going into detail about Castro presence during the Cuban Missile Crisis. This source is also valuable because this is told in the point of view of the man who was in charge of the Soviet Union during the crisis. A limitation of this source is that it does not help ad dress why Castro made the trade agreement with Russia. Another limitation is that due to the recently discovered facts about the Cuban Missile Crisis, all facts pertaining to the Cuban Missile Crisis may not be given. D. Analysis Fidel Castros importance in the Cuban Missile Crisis was to damage the reputation of Americans and its inference with internal issues because Cuba was concerned about the failed Bay of Pigs humiliation that they faced (Zubok 9). There was a planned invasion that to overthrow Castros dictatorship in Cuba and the United States was willing to help (Allyn 3). In addition, Soviet Leader Khrushchev installed missiles with nuclear warhead without the consent of the United States. Castro allowed the Soviets to install missiles so close to the United States which brought the world to the brink of nuclear war because the United States found out and retaliated (Khrushchev 29). Castro was able to install such weapons because Castro made a trade agreement with Russia where Cuba sent sugar to Russia in return for oil, machines and money (Brenner 6). Castros role was significant because he allowed Soviet Leader Khrushchev to follow through with the plans he created and because he made a trade agreement with Russia to be able to produce weapons of mass destruction. However, sources have stated that Cuba sent missiles out because of the strategic inequality between the United States and the Soviet Union. Cuba wanted to balance power; therefore, they felt they needed to build nuclear weapons (Hershberg 7). Castro ordered the anti-aircraft officers to gun down the United States reconnaissance plane (Fursenko 42). This demonstrates Castros significance in the Cuban Missile Crisis because he ordered that the plane was shot down and it was which conveys his significance because it was Castros decision that got the plane shot down (Kramer 126). In addition, Castro recommended that the Soviets launched a nuclear attack on the United States. This was Castros greatest significance in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Castros willingness to use violent behavior persuaded Soviet Leader Khrushchev the importance of preserving world peace (Burr 7). The United States stopped trading with Cuba due to the renaissance being shot down and Cuba nationalized all American-owned companies. Moreover, Castros lack of participation in negotiations was another big impact. Because Castro did not participate in the negotiation he was unaware of what was being compromised (Welch 234). For instance, when Soviet Leader Khrushchev removed all the weapons from Cuba, Castro was unaware of the Soviet Leader making that decision (Garthoff 51). Because the Cuban Missile Crisis was between the United States and the Soviet Union, it should have been classified as the Cuban American relation. Soviet Leader Khrushchev states that Castro was solely responsible for the shooting of the renaissance plane (Khrushchev 101). Also, he stated that Castro encouraged the Soviet Union to launch a preemptive strike against the United States. This demonstrates that Castro was a massive impact on the Cuban Missile Crisis because Soviet Leader Khrushchev confessed and states that Castro was fully responsible for the shooting of the plane and launching the strike against the United States. This also depi cts that Castro ignited the Cuban Missile Crisis because when the plane was shot down the United States wanted to retaliate immediately and now knowing that Castro was responsible for the plane being shot down we know that he ignited the flame under the United States. E. Conclusion It is possible to say that Fidel Castro had a huge impact on the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Because Castro was responsible for the shooting of the renaissance plane, his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis was greatly significant. This is because when Castro shot down the plane, the United States wanted to strike back immediately; therefore, the tensions between the two countries rose after Castros decision. Also Castro encouraged the Soviet Union to launch a preemptive strike against the United States. This was another huge impact because Cuba alarmed the United States and made the United States become fully equipped for a nuclear war. Furthermore, because Castro allowed the Soviets to install missiles so close to the United States people say that he is responsible for the Cuban Missile Crisis. Because of Fidel Castros actions and decisions, the world was brought to the brink of the nuclear war which demonstrates that Castro did have a significant role in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. However, Castro cannot receive full credit for the Cuban Missile Crisis because the major role belonged to Soviet Leader Khrushchev, who caused the entire occurrence of the crisis and resolved the crisis. Nevertheless, one can say that Castro had a huge impact on the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Although there are many conclusions that could be made about if Fidel Castro had a significant role in the Cuban Missile Crisis, I believe that Fidel Castro had just as much of a significant role as Soviet Leader Khrushchev did because Castro helped make the decisions that were made; therefore, Castros role was significant role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. F. List of Sources Alexander Fursenko, Tactical Nuclear Weapons, Soviet Command Authority, and the Cuban Missile Crisis Cold War International History Project Electronic Bulletin 3 Bruce J. Allyn, Using KGB Documents: the Scali-Feklisov Channel in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Print., 1995 David A. Welch, The Sino-Indian Conflict, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Sino-Soviet Split, October 1962: New Evidence from the Russian Archives Print., 1996 James G. Blight, Kramer vs. Kramer: Or, How Can You Have Revisionism in the Absence of Orthodoxy? Cold War International History Project Electronic Bulletin 3 Print., 1993 James G. Hershberg, More on Bobby and the Cuban Missile Crisis Print., 1997 Khrushchev, Nikita S. Khrushchev Remembers Ed. and trans. Strobe Talbott. Boston: Little Brow, 1970 Kramer, Mark The Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis for Warsaw Pact Nuclear Operations Print., 1997. Philip Brenner, The Crisis and Cuban-Soviet Relations: Fidel Castros Secret 1968 Speech Print., 1995 Raymond L. Garthoff, New Evidence on the Cuban Missile Crisis: Khrushchev, Nuclear Weapons and the Cuban Missile Crisis Print., 1998. Vladislav M. Zubok, Dismayed by the Actions of the Soviet Union: Mikoyans talks with Fidel Castro and the Cuban leadership, November 1962, Print., 1995 William Burr, Soviet Cold War Military Strategy: Using Declassified History Print., 1957. Case Study: Adult with Learning Disability Case Study: Adult with Learning Disability The case I have chosen involves a service user that has been with the agency for a while now. He was neglected and cut off from his family during his childhood and has since been longing for a secure attachment or contact with a family. His condition brings about a lot of anxiety and this has made him very unsettled. I am placed with the Luton Borough Council Community Adult learning disability team. The team is a statutory agency; its primary function is to provide support to adult with learning disabilities and their carers. Service users and their carers are pre-assessed or screened under the Fair Access to Care eligibility criteria. This process ensures that services are tailored to meet the needs of the individual. It ensures that potential service users with critical and substantial risk, needs and support are not lost in the system. While adults with moderate or low risk needs are given advice and provided with useful information that will help them to meet their needs. The legislation relevant to this case includes the National Assistance Act 1948; National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990; the Mental Health Act 1983 (as amended by the Mental Health Act 2007), the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Data Protection Act 1998. Relevant policies include the Fair Access to Care; which requires local councils to grade eligibility criteria into four bands of need (critical, substantial, moderate and low) based on the seriousness of the risk to independence if problems and issues are not addressed. Applicants for services are assessed using the new Single Assessment Process first outlined in the National Service Framework (NSF) which incorporates the eligibility assessment, care plan approach, annual assessment, placements, advocacy and referrals. (Royal College of Psychiatry Website, 2010, para. 4.10) A Pen Picture of the Service User. To protect the privacy of the service user and other individuals involved I have anonymised their personal details. This is in line with the provisions of the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Data Protection Policy of the agency. Section 6.2 of the Act, states that local authorities have a general duty in common law to safeguard the confidentiality of personal information which they hold in connection with their social services functions DoH (2000) p.34. This legal responsibility is managed through the Data protection policy of the agency and monitored by team managers. Specifically I have changed the service users name to Mr X and all other actors are also not named. Mr X is a 31-year- old; male with mild learning disability and a borderline personality disorder. He was born in Luton but brought up in Hastings. By virtue of his birth and the fact that he was first accessed for social care services in Luton; Mr X is deemed to be ordinarily resident in the Luton area under the National Assistant Act 1948. Section 24.1 of the Act empowers and mandates local authorities to provide residential accommodation for vulnerable people (made vulnerable by disability or age) who are ordinarily resident in their area. [OPSI (2008) p. 2] His parents divorced when he was five years old, he has had very little contact with them since then. He is the eldest of three siblings. He has had no contact with his only sister following allegations made by her against him of sexual abuse. Contact with his brother who currently lives in Hastings is limited to the occasional cards and phone calls. Mr Xs childhood was characterised by upheaval and deprivation. As a result he has found it difficult to form attachment of his own due to constant changes in his living arrangements. In 1999, while living in Hastings, he expressed a wish to move back to Luton. He secured a tenancy with a local housing association and was given intensive support by the local independent living team. This arrangement soon broke down because Mr X craved constant attention. He indulged in self-Injurious behaviour such as self-harm and a tendency to set fire to property. The tendency to self-harm is not uncommon in people with learning disabilities. Research recently carried out in a specific area of Wales by Lowe (2007 cited in Heslop Macaulay, 2009, p. 13 14) found that 9% adults and children over the age of five using learning disability services were considered to self-injure. Furthermore Heslop and Macaulay (2009, citing Haw and Hawton, 2008; Hawton and Harriss, 2007; Milnes, 2002) p.15 reports that people with multiple life problems are more likely to self-harm. Key amongst these is relationship problems with a partner or family member. Other problems reported include: problems with employment (including unemployment) or studies, and financial problems. This may explain Mr Xs tendency to self-harm. In 1999, after a series of threats to end his life Mr X was detained in a local hospital under section 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983. This was to allow Mr X to receive intensive treatment in a protected environment. Without immediate treatment Mr X would have been a danger to himself by reason of self-harm and to others by his fire setting tendencies. According to Rethink (2010) p. 1 4; The Mental Health Act 1983 (as amended by the Mental Health Act 2007) is the law under which a person can be admitted, detained and treated in hospital against their wishes. It goes on to state that Section 3 allows a person to be admitted to hospital for treatment which must be necessary for their health, their safety or for the protection of other people and it cannot be provided unless they are detained in hospital. Mr X was treated successfully and was reintroduced into the community in 2002. Since then he has lived in several residential and supported living settings (from Wales to Birmingham). Coping with life in the community has led to self-neglect, the accruing of debt and at times anxiety. As a result Mr X still requires intensive support. In Jan 07 he left his residential placement in Telford to look for his mother whom he hadnt seen since he was ten, with the intention of developing a relationship with her. While waiting to secure a placement, he lived with his mother and her partner. The relationship with his mother soon broke down due to his violent and threatening behaviour. On one occasion he threatened to set the house on fire and his mother had to call the police. As a result he was detained under section 2 of the Mental Health Act to reassess his mental health. His condition was such that if untreated he represents a risk to himself and other around him. According Rethink (2010) p. 2; Section 2 of the Mental Health Act 1983 (as amended by the Mental Health Act 2007) allows a person to be admitted to hospital for an assessment of his or her mental health and to receive any necessary treatment. An admission to hospital under Section 2 is usually used when the patient has not been assessed in hospital before or when they have not been assessed in hospital for a considerable period of time. Detention under this section is for a maximum of 28 days. It cannot be renewed but can be followed by a Section 3 order. In Mr Xs case, detention under Section 2 was appropriate because he was last assessed in 2002. After his assessment and treatment Mr X was released back into the community. He requested for a flat of his own close to his relations. With his approval a supported living placement that met his needs was identified and secured for him at a local address in March 2007. Contact was made with the local learning disability service on Mr Xs behalf so he could have local support, should he become anxious. The psychology team and the learning disability nurse attempted to work with him on a regular basis, however Mr X explained that he would like to move from the area and therefore their services were not necessary. As a result the services were discontinued to respect his wishes as not doing so may be viewed as being oppressive in practice and a breach of his human right. The respect principle of the Mental Health Act 1983 (as amended by the Mental Health Act 2007), states that the diverse needs of the service user must be recognised and respected; their views, wishes and feelings, so far as they are reasonably ascertainable must be considered and followed wherever practicable and consistent with the purpose of the decision. There must be no unlawful discrimination. (Law Summaries, Sherwood Directory 2010, p.20) The Webster Online dictionary defines discrimination as unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice. As social workers we are expected to be anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive in practices. These principles are captured in National Occupation Standard and the GSCC codes of practice. In particular Code 4; emphasises the need to respect the rights of service users while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or the people around them. GSCC, 2010, p. 9. While value D; emphasises the need to value, recognise and respect the diversity, expertise and experience of the individuals, families, carers, groups and communities. NOS (2010) p. 8. Mr X then moved to Birmingham and lived there for just over 14 months, his skills have developed over this time particularly in handling domestic activities such as cooking, cleaning and some aspect of budgeting for healthy meal, however he is unable to know if he gets the correct change in a sale. Thereafter Mr X moved to Northampton to be close to his family. At this point a review was carried out and a care plan implemented. Mr X expressed the desire to learn to drive, do some voluntary work in the community and have a relationship. He undertook to stay in this accommodation for at least 3 years to engage in extended personal development. But he only lived at the above residential home for a year. He found it difficult to settle and found the change of staff difficult to deal with. During his regular review Mr X agreed with the support of his advocate to be part of getting life programme, where he would be assessed on what he would like to do in future; as he had a desire to return to the Luton area he refused the offer. He recently abandoned his placement in Northampton and moved in with his maternal uncle. He has been in touch with the Luton council to request a placement in the Luton area. This move is Mr Xs interest at the moment. From his records, his current support needs centres mainly around his personality disorder. He finds it difficult to get along with other residents and often complained of being scared of the people around him. This makes him anxious and restless, creating a desire to move again. Whenever he feels events are not consistent with his expectations i.e. his desire to move, he becomes agitated. This leads to numerous phone calls to social services, the police and anybody he can get on the end of a phone line. Recently he threatened to take his own life by jumping off a bridge or taking an overdose. This desire to constantly relocate has made it difficult for him to engage in extended personal development activities necessary for him to develop the interpersonal skills he requires. In addition he has not been able to establish long-term social links of his own. The Placement I was placed with the Luton Borough Council Community adult learning disability team. The team is an integrated team made up of various professionals including social workers, community care workers and community nurses. It provides a One stop shop / Single Access point for the teams target group, which are adults aged 18yrs 65yrs with learning disabilities and their carers, who live within the Luton Borough Council area. The role of the team within the social welfare spectrum is to provide comprehensive assessment of the needs of people with learning disabilities and their carers, which forms a basis for developing a package of support (care plan) to meet the assessed needs. The team also monitors the care plan through regular reviews to ensure that the plan has been properly implemented and that it is still appropriate. Changes are made to the care plan where appropriate. Other services available through the team include: Advice and referrals to other services, such as day-time activities, supported employment or residential care, specialist health services The provision of specialist nursing services Assessment of carers needs and sign posting to relevant support services. Support for young adult transiting from children service to adult services Support for service users to access community based services. Coordinating the safeguarding of venerable adults process etc. (Luton Borough Council website.) Referral is a very important part of what the team does. Many service users come to the attention of the team by way of referral from other professionals such as GPs, teachers etc. Also the team refer service users to other support agencies. For instance; service users who require employment (paid or voluntary) are referred to D4; a career support team within the Luton Borough Council. They assist service users to write their CVs, carry out job search, prepare for interviews and provide on-going supporting for service users in employment. The team promotes anti-discriminatory practice and is committed to continuous improvement in the delivery of its services. The Legal Mandate of the placement Agency The legal mandate of the Luton Borough Council Community adult learning disability team derives from the National Assistance Act 1948 and the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. The National Assistance Act 1948 gives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦local Authorities the powers and duties to promote the welfare of people ordinarily resident in their area that are blind, deaf or dumb, mentally disordered or substantially and permanently handicapped by illness, injury or congenital deformity (sec 29) (Sherwood Diaries and Directory (2010) p. 11). The NHS and Community Care Act 1990, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ signified an important development in the philosophy of community care and in the delivery of service called for in other legislations (Sherwood Diaries and Directory (2010) p. 16) Unlike previous legislation the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 lays emphasis on an assessment led care management approach (CPA) that is shaped to fit individual needs; in contrast to previous practice of categorisations of service users to fit pre-defined service packages. To succeed this approach requires a partnership between professionals (social workers etc.) and carers in assessing the needs and designing individualised / person centred care programs. The Act also requires service providers to take into consideration the wishes of the service user in determining the type and level of any service required. This can lead to several conflicts some are discussed later in this paper. According to Powell (2001 para. 15); the Act gives legal backing to the concept that the primary function of the public services should be to design and arrange the provision of care and support in line with peoples needs. That care and support can be procured from a variety of sources. There is value in the multiplicity of provision, not least from the consumers point of view, because of the widening choice, flexibility, innovation and competition it should stimulate. In this arrangement, it is vital that social service authorities see themselves as arrangers and purchasers of care services not as monopolistic providers (Griffiths Report 1988: para. 3.4). The current delivery arrangements adopted by the Luton Borough Council have a more recent history. Its origins can be traced to the Health Act of 1999 which sought to remove the Berlin Walls hampering collaboration and cooperation between various agencies by introducing a number of flexibilities into health and social care delivery. One such flexibility is the One Stop shop or integrated provisioning concept, through which health and local authorities provide a combined service through a multidisciplinary team. Initial assessment of potential service users is carried out against a set of eligibility criteria known as the Fair Access to Care Services (FAC). There are four eligibility bands under FAC. Namely critical, substantial, moderate and Low. Each band represents a level of need. Priority levels are assigned based on the likely consequences if the needs of the service user are not met. The amount of help available from family and friends are also taken into consideration. After the initial assessment, a care plan is prepared for people who meet Luton Borough eligibility criteria. The care plan documents what the service users needs are and the way in which these needs will be met. The care plan is agreed with the service user, their family and all those involved in providing care to the service user such as, nursing home, residential home etc. The Legal Status of the Subject Mr X is an adult with mild learning disability and personality disorder. Having gone through our eligibility criteria / screening; a care plan was developed for him. His care plan is reviewed regularly and his input is sought to ensure that the plan is relevant and continues to meet his needs and aspirations. Sometime in 2007, he was detained under section (2) of the Mental Health Act, due to his violent and threatening behaviour to his mother and those around him. He threatened to set her house on fire and to kill himself. The aim of the detention was to carry out an assessment and provide the necessary treatment. He has since been discharged back into community care. As his behaviour in recent times have not been violent or of any serious concern; there is currently no plan to detain him unless there is a serious deterioration in his condition. Critique of the Social Policy Initiatives Relevant To My Placement Agency and the Subject As mentioned above the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 marked a watershed in the development of social care policy in the UK. It was the first attempt to bring in the concept of marketisation into the provision of social care services. (Brambleby 2009, para. 15) According to Powell (2001) para. 18, Community care was to be used as a vehicle for the marketisation of the public sector. Thus, a contract culture was applied to the provision of personal social services and social services departments would need to develop processes to specify, commission and monitor services delivered by other agencies. (DoH 1989: p. 23). The prevalent wisdom at the time was that marketisation will encourage improvement in the quality and scope of services provided, promote innovation, lead to reduction in cost and provide greater choice for the service user. The policy which is based on the triumvirate of autonomy, empowerment and choice was endorsed by many commentators as the political and philosophical panacea for alleviating the deep and destructive problems confronting the community care system in the UK (Levick 1992, cited in Powell 2001, para. 1) Many commentators have raised issue with the NHS and Community Care Act. For one many of the advantages advanced for the marketisation of the Community Care services were not achieved immediately as the process of these organisational changes were immensely complex (Powell 2001 para. 20). Another flaw in the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 was that the specific grant diverted to local authorities in order to implement the outcomes of individual assessment and encourage the generation of services in the private and voluntary sectors was only ring-fenced in the short term. (Powell 2001, para. 18) This has had specific and wide reaching effect on people with mild learning disability as local authorities are required by law to address available resources to those with greatest need. In situation where there is high competition for resources those with mild learning disabilities are often neglected. Eligibility criteria are another area where the law is a bit unclear. According to Spencer-Lane (2010 para. 7); Once a local authority has completed an assessment, it must decide whether or not to provide services. Under the current law, eligibility for services is determined by reference to statutory guidance (Fair Access to Care Services (DH 2002) and Health and Social Care for Adults (WAG 2002) and often-overlapping statute law, such as the National Assistance Act 1948 and the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970. In our view this structure is complex and at times impenetrable. According to the Law Commission Report (2008 p. 28) this has led to two main criticisms of this framework: it produces wide local variations in eligibility for services: for example in 2006-07, a report by the Commission for Social Care Inspection found that 62% of councils in England operated at the highest two levels of substantial and critical; 32% included moderate needs; and 6% included all four bands; This has led to local authorities increasingly restricting services to those with the highest levels of need. According to the same report: 4% of councils confined their help to the critical band only; councils raising their eligibility thresholds to substantial increased from 53% to 62% in 2006-07; and the trend is expected to continue as 73% of councils anticipate that they will be operating at substantial or critical levels in 2007-08. The National Assistance Act mandates local authorities to provide accommodation for people with learning disabilities who are ordinarily resident in their area. This is good in the sense that it protects vulnerable people from becoming homeless. This is particularly true in the case of Mr X. However, Mr X may be viewed as taking advantage of the system by refusing to settle and engage in the community. He is aware that the agency is mandated to meet his housing needs and therefore uses that as a weapon whenever he wants extra attention. This type of behaviour has significant implication for services delivery. According to Dobson (1999) p. 2, many patients can not get the treatment and care they need partly because the system has found it so difficult to cope with the small minority of mentally ill people who are a nuisance or a danger to both themselves and others. One way to check this problem is to ask the more able service users to sign a charter which gives them certain responsibilities, such as the attending day centre and other developmental activities in return for certain privileges. Failure to abide with the charter should result in the withdrawal of these privileges. The additional cost associated with providing these privileges will be paid for by the time and resources freed up to deal with other cases. Human Rights and Data Protection The Human Rights Act (1998) effectively gives legal bite to the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights. The major rights relevant to the agency and the subject are The right to life; every life is equally important. A disability does not make a service users life less important than anyone elses. The right to respect for private and family life; guarantees each individual the right to live as part of a family. For instance this gives gay and lesbian couples the same rights as other couples. The right to dignity and being part of the community; guarantees each individual the care and support they need to have a good life. This means that people with disabilities should be able to join community activities along with everyone else. (Sherwood Directory, 2010, p. 23) The Act is there to ensure that statutory bodies such as local authorities, schools, the police, the courts and hospitals can and actually protect the rights of people with disabilities. The right to dignity is relevant to decisions about placements, accommodation and other services; it requires service providers to as far as is possible take into considerations the wishes of the service user. This concept of choice is central to Valuing People a government white paper published in 2001 and updated in 2009. The proposals in the White Paper are based on four key principles: civil rights, independence, choice and inclusion. Valuing People takes a life-long approach, beginning with an integrated approach to services for disabled children and their families and then providing new opportunities for a full and purposeful adult life. It has cross-Government backing and its proposals are intended to result in improvements in education, social services, health, employment, housing and support for people with learning disabilities and their families and carers. MKADHD (Undated) para. 15. As a result Luton Council is duty bound to continue to consider Mr X wishes to move even though it is costing the council a lot in terms of money and time. Another important consideration is that under the Human Rights Act 1998 victims are allowed to bring action against a local authority if it has acted in a way which is incompatible with the terms of the articles of the European Convention on human rights (Brammer 2007, pg. 110). Applying this to the case; Mr X left the residential placement provided by the council deliberately making himself homeless. He refused to wait for the team to secure another suitable placement before leaving his current placement. He currently resides with his uncle (somewhere in Luton) but claims to be homeless. Mr X has threatened to harm himself and is now threatening to sue the local authority for not providing him with another accommodation. As far as the Agency is concerned Mr X made himself homeless deliberately because he is deemed to have capacity; having been assessed under the criteria set out in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. The assessment was carried out to ensure that Mr X had capacity at the time. Under the Act, a person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time he is unable to make a decision for himself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain. It does not matter whether the impairment or disturbance is permanent or temporary (Beresford and Sloper, 2008, p.40) The Data Protection Act 1998 provides individuals with new right of access to their personal data and imposes new obligations on data controllers; such as local authority social services department to operate good data storage practices and this applies to both electronic and manual records. (Brammer, 2007, p. 114). However, the Act gives the agency the right to retain information about the service user to be able to carry out its statutory duties and obtains the consent of service users or their carer to do so. The agency is required to appoint a data controller whose duty is to ensure that personal data is only used for authorised purposes and data not required is destroyed in the prescribed manner. Applying this to the case I have not used Mr Xs original name. Information personal to Mr X have been made anonymous. Electric and manual information obtained in the course of putting this work together were duly authorised by the appropriate authority and manual documents have been destroyed in the prescribed manner. The case has been put together in such a way that it does not create any link to the actual service user. The service user raised a few SOVA (Safeguarding of Vulnerable Adult) issues. The Care Direct Factsheet (2007, p. 1) defines abuse as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a violation of a persons human and civil rights by any other person (s). It may: be a single or repeated act(s); be physical, verbal, psychological, sexual, institutional, discriminatory or financial; or may be an act of neglect or failure to act. The fact sheet defines a Vulnerable Adult as someone aged 18 or over who is, or may be: In need of community care services because of mental or other disability, age or illness and Unable to take care of him or herself, or unable to protect him or herself against significant harm or exploitation. When an abuse is reported local agencies are required to treat each case with the utmost urgency to ensure the alleged victim does not suffer any more abuse. The agency has a multi-agency protocol that is followed in each case; to ensure urgent and appropriate action is taken. The police are almost always involved to ensure a record of the abuse is maintained for future reference. Advocacy, community support team etc. may also be involved. Each case must be dealt within 24 hours of the receipt of the report. Thereafter a strategy meeting of the relevant agencies is called to review the situation and agree a coordinated approach to deal with any outstanding risks. In the case of Mr X, the Police were invited to investigate his allegations. No further action was taken as none of the allegations could be verified. Advocacy was involved to ensure that his worries and concerns were well communicated to the Police and his service providers. He was also advised on the steps he can take should he feel unsatisfied or unhappy with the outcome. A critical analysis based in a policy critique of services provided by the Agency. The agency policy on assessment and residential placement is very well structured; they define the agency duties, responsibilities, roles and boundaries. Initial assessment allows the agency to gain a clear picture of the service users condition and situation. The assessment includes detailed personal information regarding the service users relationships, any significant events and current situation. This provides the baseline for the assessment against the fair access to care services eligibility matrix. One critic of the process is that it is open to abuse. The more able service users can master the process and thereafter exploit the lope holes in the process. In some ways one can argue that, Mr X has reached this critical point. He is very much aware that whenever he raises a red flag someone gets into trouble; as such this has become one of his favourite games. He makes up stories and keeps changing his stories as long as they lead towards his desired goals. I believe that having a detailed long-term plan is critical to maintaining the support required by the service user. One short coming of this process is that not much seems to have been done in addressing the underlying issues i.e. his desire to move regularly. Perhaps Mr Xs care plan could be designed in such a way that he is allowed to change placement every 18 or 24 months. Putting this plan in place will allow the agency to plan ahead and ensure continuity of his development plan. One approach maybe to make sure that each successive placement has the facility to continue his development from where he left off at the previous placement. This approach is in line with the Valuing People Now white paper (DoH 2009, p. 6) which requires agencies to treat each services user as an individual, with the same opportunities and responsibilities. Each care plan should be individualised and does not necessarily have to fit with the norm. On the other hand the current approach is costing the agency so much in terms of time and money as every care plan review involves going out to visit his current placement and visiting new ones to pick a new placement that meets his needs. This often means that resources have to be withdrawn from other tasks to handle his situation as it is often presented as an emergency. In addition each time he leaves a placement a new budget has to be put in place; this could create confusion especially with budgeting. One of the setbacks in this policy is that while some people who need help are not reached or given enough attention others who know the system abuse it