Sleep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sleep - Essay Example There are some health effects of sleep which are very imperative to consider and comprehend. These include the fact that sleep is very directly linked with the overall health and quality of life of individuals under discussion. It is a well-known fact that restoration, growth and development come about when a person is sleeping in a deep manner. This goes to suggest how important deep sleep is to human beings. The resistance to viral infections is increased and the natural immunity within the human body becomes better. Since lack of sleep may mean breakdown in the human body’s health processes, researchers and medical practitioners are against this dictum adopted by a few people. When it comes to classification of sleep, there are two tangents which come under it. One is the sleep deprivation and the other – sleep debt. Sleep deprivation looks at the utter lack of time required for sufficient sleep. This is ideally a condition that would affect in impairing physical, em otional as well as cognitive working of the human body. On the other hand, sleep debt is essentially the variation in the time between the attained sleep and the sleep which is required to maintain alert wakefulness, most of which comes about during the day. Lack of proper sleep measures can lead to a number of disorders in the human body. These are linked up with some serious mental as well as physical health considerations. Some of these include the mental health disparities, obesity and overweight patterns in the human body, cardiovascular issues, immunological disorders, respiratory problems, endocrine concerns, metabolic diseases and a number of other ailments which keep on happening within the human body. The need is to comprehend how important sleep is and give it the priority that it richly deserves. It will solve quite a few issues during the daytime as well as keep the person alert. Some of the common sleep disorders include dyssomnias and parasomnias. Dyssomnia usually in cludes within its fore the insomnia, sleep paralysis, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome and the Circadian Rhythm sleep disorder. Parasomnia takes into account the REM behavior disorder, the night eating syndrome, the nocturnal eating disorder, sleepwalking issue, sleep terror disorder, sexomnia and the nightmare disorder. There are gender differences also existent within sleep that need to be given significance. These differences come about when a child is merely 6 months old. It has been researched that women usually have more relaxed sleep when compared to men. Also it has been noticed that women take less sleep than men while the latter have more rapid eye movements during sleep. In the same footing, men usually experience a decline in slow wave sleep which happens earlier but takes place quicker than women. Hence men tend to sleep well as compared to women for a number of scientific reasons. In order to attain a good night’s sleep, it is importa nt to have a proper sleep schedule in place. It is usually a common phrase ‘early to bed, early to rise – makes you healthy, wealthy and wise’. One can learn quite a few things from this phrase as it sums up nearly all the concerns which sleep can address, not only in the present times but also in the future. A sleep friendly environment is the key to having a good night’s sleep because it usually tells the person that he is safe, sound

The development of a marketing plan Personal Statement

The development of a marketing plan - Personal Statement Example The business entrepreneur desires to launch a new business of interior decoration. The business segment of interior decoration is highly competitive in nature. The entrepreneur would not be able to successfully run its business without the help of an appropriate marketing plan. Tastes and preferences of the individuals change drastically, when it comes to interior decorations. Thus, the mogul would face high expenses in business innovation and manufacture process. Moreover, the discounts offered by the potential rivals (Wal-Mart, Home-Depot) in the market would create price pressures on the entrepreneur. The cost of inputs (catalogue resources like pottery barn) used in interior decorations are also increasing with time. So, if the entrepreneur aspires to run its new business successfully he must set up an appropriate marketing plan for the business (SBA, 2013). The entrepreneur would never be able to fruitfully market its business services if the goals and objectives of the marketing plan are not set at the beginning. The goals and objectives of the marketing plan for the interior designing business are:- The desired objectives of the business plan should be measurable in terms of target. The target of 15% growth in sales and 10% growth in profit should be achievable in reality. The target should be attained in a span of say 5 years from the date of inception of the business. It is considered that the above mentioned objectives for the marketing plan are not only specific but also achievable for the business (Westwood, 2005). The interior designing business should offer excellent services to the business clients. The designing should not only be a mark of class, but should also be superior in terms of quality. The company should maintain admirably designed retail outlets and should offer other complementary services that would impress the clients. The

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Operating Systems Information Technology Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Operating Systems Information Technology Essay Level of involvement is one of the characteristic of honeypot and this level of involvement is used to measure the degree of interaction of the attacker with the operating system. Commonly a low-involvement honeypot will provide certain fake services [Spi01] and these services can only be implemented if somebody listen on a specific port. It is not possible to catch complex protocols communication with such a simple solution. An SMTP handshake will not give much useful information because an answering service is not listening. On a low-involvement honeypot there is no real operating system on which the attacker can operate and this will minimize the risk as there will be no complexity of the operating system. This is a disadvantage as it is not possible to watch an attacker interacting with the operating system. Role of this low-involvement honeypot is very passive as it is like a one-way connection in which we can only listen, but we do not ask questions ourselves. Figure 5.1: Low-involvement honeypot: A low-involvement honeypot does reduce risk to a minimum by minimizing interaction with the attacker Both low-level involvement honeypot and passive IDS are comparable as both the systems will not alter any traffic or interact with the attacker or the traffic flow. If the incoming packets match their patterns they are used to create logs and alerts. 5.1.2 Mid-involvement Honeypot A mid-involvement honeypot provides more interaction, but doesnt provide a real operating system. The fake daemons have deeper knowledge about the particular services they provide and are complicated. And risk will also increase. As the complexity of the honeypot increases the probability of the attacker to find the security hole or vulnerability is getting bigger. As there are no boundaries for the security and logging mechanisms built for this kind of events, a compromise of this system is still unlikely and certainly no goal. In the higher level of interaction, there is a possibility of more complex attacks and can be logged and analyzed. In general, the attacker has more possibilities to interact and probe the system and gets a better illusion of a real operating system. It is complex and time consuming for developing a mid-involvement honeypot and special care has to be taken for checking the security as all developed fake daemons must be as secure as possible. The developed versions must be very secure than their real counterparts, because this is the main reason to substitute these with fake variants. As each protocol and service must be understood in detail the knowledge for developing such a system must be very high. Figure 5.2: Mid-involvement honeypot: A mid-involvement honeypot does interact with the user in a minimal way 5.1.3 High-involvement Honeypot A high-involvement honeypot consists of an operating system and this leads to a much higher risk as the complexity increases and also at the same time, the possibility for gathering information, the possible attacks and the attractiveness increases a lot. One of the goal of the hacker is to gain root and to have the access to a shell,connected to the Internet 24/7. Such an environment is offered by high-involvement honeypot. As soon as a hacker gains the access, his real work and the interesting part begins. To get this level of freedom the attacker has to compromise the system, and then he will have the root rights on the system and can do everything at any instance on the compromised system. According to se, this system is not secure and even the whole machine cannot be considered as secure. This doesnot matter if he is in a sandbox, in a jail or a VMW box as there can be ways to get out of these software boundaries. Figure 5.3: High-involvement honeypot: A high-involvement honeypot has great risk as the attacker can compromise the system and use all its resources. This honeypot is very time consuming and the system should be kept under observation most of the time. If a honeypot is not under control then it is not of much help and it can become a danger or security hole itself. As the honeypot can be used by the blackhats as if its a real compromised system,it is very important to limit a honeypots access to the local intranet. As the danger once a system is fully compromised can b e reduced, limiting outbound traffic is also an important point to consider. If a full operating system is provided to the attacker, he can upload and install new files. As all actions can be recorded and analyzed, here a high-involvement honeypot can show its strength. One of the main goals of a high-involvement honeypot is to gather new information about the blackhat community and legitimates the higher risk. 5.1.4 Overview There are advantages and disadvantages of each level of involvement. Table 5.1: Overview of each level of Involvement advantages and disadvantages The danger is reduced as much as possible by choosing the lowest as possible risk honeypot. While choosing a honeypot and its level of involvement the required maintenance time must be considered. Honeynets are another possible honeypot architecture. 5.2 HONEYNETS NETWORK TOPOLOGIES Here the discussion is regarding the placement of honeypots in a network and a special, more complex version of honeypots which can also be called as honeynet. 5.2.1 Honeypot Location A honeypot does not require a specific environment to live as it is a standard server with no special needs. A honeypot can be placed anywhere a server is placed but some places are better for some approaches than others. Based on the service required, honeypot can be used on the internet as well as on the intranet. If the detection of some bad guys in a private network had wished it would be better to place a honeypot on the intranet which can be useful. Since this system can easily be compromised without immediate knowledge, it is important to set the internal thrust for a honeypot as low as possible. A honeypot can be placed at two locations with Internet as the main concern:  · In front of the firewall  · Behind the firewall (intranet) There are advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Because of the fact that placing a server in front of a firewall is simply not possible or not wished it is sometimes even impossible to choose freely. 5.2.1.1 In Front of the Firewall The risk for the internal network does not increase by placing the honeypot in front of a firewall. Behind the firewall the danger of having a compromised system is eliminated. This can be a problem if no additional firewalls are being used to shield some resources or if the IP is used for the purpose of authentication. A lot of unwished traffic like portscans or attack patterns will be attracted and generated by a honeypot and by placing a honeypot outside the firewall such events does not get logged by the firewall and an internal IDS system will not generate alerts. Or else, lot of alerts will be generated on the firewall or IDS. The biggest advantage of the firewall or IDS and any other resources, is that they need not be adjusted as the honeypot is outside the firewall and viewed as any other machine on the external network. Therefore if a honeypot is running it will not increase the risk of the internal network nor does it introduce new risks. If the honeypot is placed in front of the firewall then internal attackers cannot be located or trapped that easy, particularly if the firewall limits outbound traffic and therefore limits the traffic to the honeypot. 5.2.1.2 Behind the Firewall New security risks to the internal network can be introduced by a honeypot behind the firewall, in particular if the internal network is not secured against the honeypot through additional firewalls. A honeypot provides a lot of services; most of them are not used as exported services to the Internet and are blocked by the firewall. It is inevitable to adjust the firewall rules and also the IDS signatures by placing the honeypot behind the firewall, as it can be wished not to generate an alert every time the honeypot is attacked or scanned. If internal honeypot is compromised by an external attacker the biggest problem will arise. He can then access the internal network through the honeypot. This traffic will not be stopped by the firewall as it is regarded as traffic to the honeypot only, which in turn is granted. It is mandatory for securing an internal honeypot, in particular if it is a high-involvement honeypot. The main reason for placing a honeypot behind a firewall is to detect internal attackers. By making use of the internal honeypot it is possible to detect a mis-configured firewall. It is not possible to place a honeypot in front of a firewall sometimes because no external IPs are available nor access to the network in front of the firewall is possible. 5.2.2 Honeynets A honeypot is a single machine which is used for running multiple virtual operating systems. As the traffic goes directly on to the network it is not possible to control the outbound traffic. Preliminary firewall can be used to limit outbound traffic. Such a complex environment is honeynet. Multiple honeypots and a firewall (or firewalled-bridge) to limit and log network traffic is contained by a typical honeynet. To watch the potential attacks and decode and store network traffic on the preliminary system an IDS can be used. Figure 5.5: Different types of honeypot topologies: Simple honeypot, honeynet and a virtual honeynet If a firewall is placed in front of a honeypot (or multiple honeypots) the risk based on the honeypot can be reduced. Both the inbound as well as the outbound connections can be controlled; it is possible to control the network flow. As logging of network traffic can be done on one centralized location for all honeypots it is very easy. The data that is captured need not be placed on the honeypot itself and the risk of this data detection by an attacker is eliminated. More hardware is required by introducing new machines to the honeypot itself. Only one machine solution is thinkable. It is possible to set up multiple virtual systems on a physical machine by making use of Virtualization software. By this attempt, a firewall can also be placed on the same machine as all virtual honeypots but the security of this solution is not that good compared to different physical machines. If the honeynet is a virtual environment, the attacker could be able to break out of the virtual machine and the system could be compromised. As the attacker cannot see the bridge it is safe to place the bridge with firewall capabilities in front of a honeypot. As the bridge has no IP it is not possible to attack the bridge and therefore no attack point exists. There is complexity of the environment raised when additional hardware is introduced. In order to provide best security networking and associated tools must be understood.

Purchasing Drill Accessories :: Informative Essay

The use of drill accessories are increasing for commercial as well as domestic projects. The reason is that these cordless drill accessories can perform multiple tasks in a short time. Whether you are making a hole in a wall or mixing liquid for painting, it is essential to include drill accessories with other equipment. While purchasing for drill tools, you can get all essential drill parts in form of drill accessory set. This set is considered an essential item for wood and metal applications and also used for other construction tasks. Many experts are of the view that drill accessory works on the base of rotating technology and saves much time and labor cost. It works on the base of rotating terminology that can make a hole or cut the concrete walls. For the accomplishment of multiple tasks, drill bits prove helpful in the space mission and screw driving applications. Electric motor is fitted in this accessory that can make a hole in an object within a few seconds. While working with different applications, you can adjust the speed of the drill that fits to the needs of the task. However, Cordless drill accessories are preferred than others because of their ease of use and built in batter features. In the cordless drill accessories, you will find the battery that can be used in case of electricity supply shortage. The use of this amazing tool has facilitated the workers because they can now complete the task of drilling without much efforts and labor. When you are using drill accessories, you must adopt some essential security measures. It will save you from any type of serious injury. When you plan for cordless drill accessories shopping, you will find different types of drill tools in the market. Here, I am giving you an overvi ew of some functional drill accessories so that you can buy the right drilling driver for your task. Compact drill The purchase of a compact drill will prove cost effective for you because it can be used for drilling and screw driving application at the same time. It is available with integrated keyless chuck and some adjustment tools. In addition, industrial metal and gears are used in its manufacturing that increases its durability. It works similar to cordless drill accessories and easy to use for all drilling applications. Rotary mixer drill Rotary mixer drill is another latest tool that is designed for plastering, painting and concrete applications.

Shool Work

Excel Chapter 2 – Formulas, Functions, Formatting, and Web Queries MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. To start a new line in a cell, press ____ after each line, except for the last line, which is completed by clicking the Enter box, pressing the ENTER key, or pressing one of the arrow keys. a. |ALT+ENTER|c. |SHIFT+ENTER| b. |CTRL+ENTER|d. |TAB+ENTER| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 87 2. If a cell has a two-digit year of 32, Excel automatically changes it to a four-digit year of ____. a. |1732|c. |1932| b. |1832|d. |2032| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 88 3. Every time you enter a value into a cell in the worksheet, Excel automatically ____ formulas. . |recalculates new|c. |recalculates old| b. |recalculates some|d. |recalculates all| ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 90 4. To save a previously saved workbook with a new name or on a different drive, ____. a. |click the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar| b. |click Save As on the File menu| c. |press CTRL+S| d. |click Save on the File menu| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 90 5. All of the following are valid Excel arithmetic operators except ____. a. |^|c. |%| b. |*|d. |>| ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 92 6. When Excel follows the order of operations, the formula, 8 * 3 + 2, equals ____. a. |40|c. |48| b. |26|d. |13| ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 92 7. When an error occurs in a formula in a cell, Excel displays the ____ button next to the cell and identifies the cell with the error by placing a green triangle in the upper left of the cell. a. |Smart Tag Actions|c. |Trace Error| b. |AutoCorrect Options|d. |Auto Fill Options| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 96 8. The ____ button lists formatting options following an insertion of cells, row, or columns. a. |Paste Options|c. |Auto Fill Options| b. |Insert Options|d. |AutoCorrect Options| ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 97 9. In Excel, functions can be entered using any of the following methods except the ____. . |Function command on the Tools menu|c. |Insert Function box in the formula bar| b. |keyboard or mouse|d. |AutoSum command on the Formulas tab| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 98 10. How do you activate Range Finder to verify a formula in a cell? a. |Range Finder does not verify formulas|c. |Double-click in the cell| b. |Press the ESC key|d. |Click the Range Finder button| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 106 11. Us ing the ____ button on the Ribbon instructs Excel to display additional decimal places in a cell. a. |AutoFormat|c. |Increase Decimal| b. |Currency Style|d. |Percent Style| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 116 2. Click ____ in the Conditional Formatting gallery to display the New Formatting Rule dialog box. a. |Rule Format|c. |New Format| b. |New Rule|d. |Format Rule| ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 119 13. When Excel starts and the blank worksheet displays on the screen, all of the columns have a default width of ____. a. |8. 43 characters, or 64 pixels|c. |12. 75 points, or 17 pixels| b. |64 characters, or 8. 43 pixels|d. |17 points, or 12. 75 pixels| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 122 14. ____ means that the width of the column will be increased or decreased so the widest entry will fit in the column. a. Auto column adjust|c. |Auto adjust| b. |Width fit|d. |Best fit| ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 122 15. To instruct Excel to display a hidden column, position the mouse pointer to the ____. a. |left of the column heading boundary where th e hidden column is located and then drag to the right| b. |right of the column heading boundary where the hidden column is located and then drag to the left| c. |left of the column heading boundary where the hidden column is located and then drag to the left| d. |right of the column heading boundary where the hidden column is located and then drag to the right| ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 122 16. If you want to increase or decrease column width significantly, you can right-click a column heading and then use the ____ command on the shortcut menu to change the column’s width. a. |Column Width|c. |Width Adjustment| b. |Adjust Width|d. |Increase Column| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 123 17. As with column widths, when you decrease the row height to 0, the row is ____. a. |hidden| b. |visible temporarily at the top of the worksheet| c. |deleted| d. |visible temporarily on the left side of the worksheet| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 126 18. To check the spelling of the text in a single cell, ____ to make the formula bar active and then click the Spelling button on the Review tab on the Ribbon. a. |double-click the formula bar|c. |double-click the cell| b. |right-click the cell|d. |right-click the formula bar| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 129 19. If a single cell is selected so that the formula bar is not active and then the spell checker is started, Excel checks ____. a. |only the text in the selected cell| b. |the remainder of the worksheet, including notes and embedded charts| c. |the spelling of all sheets in the workbook| d. the remainder of the worksheet, not including notes and embedded charts| ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 129 20. Which view allows you to create or modify a worksheet while viewing how it will look in printed format. a. |Print View|c. |Page Layout View| b. |Normal View|d. |Print Layout View| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 129 21. You can check formulas for errors by clicking the ____ button on the Formulas tab on the Ribbon. a. |Formul a Checker|c. |Formula| b. |Error Checking|d. |Error Validating| ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 129 Figure 2-3 22. In the Print dialog box shown in the accompanying figure, the ____ instructs Excel to print the selected range. . |Selection option button|c. |Active sheet(s) option button| b. |Print to file check box|d. |Collate check box| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 133 23. In the Print dialog shown in the accompanying figure, the ____ instructs Excel to print the worksheet currently on the screen or the selected worksheets. a. |Selection option button|c. |Active sheet(s) option button| b. |Print to file check box|d. |Collate check box| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 133 24. In the Print dialog box shown in the accompanying figure, the ____ instructs Excel to print all the worksheets with content in the workbook. a. |Entire workbook option button|c. Selection option button| b. |All option button|d. |Active sheet(s) option button| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 133 25. In the accompanying figure, what will be printed when you click the O K button? a. |The entire workbook|c. |All pages in the worksheet| b. |The active workbook|d. |The active worksheet| ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 133 26. Excel does not display the Print dialog box shown in the accompanying figure when the ____ is used. a. |Print button in a dialog box|c. |Print button in the Preview window| b. |Print command on the File menu|d. |Print button on the Quick Access Toolbar| ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 133 Figure 2-2 27. In the accompanying figure, the Page Setup button displays the ____ dialog box. a. |Print setup for the page|c. |Page Setup| b. |Setup|d. |Page| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 133 28. The ____ button, in the accompanying figure, allows you to view the page in larger or smaller sizes in the Preview window. a. |Next page|c. |Page Setup| b. |Zoom|d. |Preview| ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 133 29. To toggle between the values version and the formulas version of a worksheet, hold down the ____ key. a. |ALT key while pressing the ACCENT MARK (`)| b. |ALT key while pressing the SINGLE QUOTATION MARK (‘)| c. |CTRL key while pressing the ACCENT MARK (`)| . |CTRL key while pressing the SINGLE QUOTATION MARK (‘)| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 135 30. The formulas version verifies that you entered formulas, rather than ____, in formula-based cells. a. |text|c. |functions| b. |numbers|d. |dollar signs| ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 135 31. The ____ of the worksheet shows the actual formulas you have entered, rather than the resulting va lues. a. |Actual symbol|c. |formulas version| b. |current version|d. |Formulas Print symbol| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 135 32. The process of finding and correcting errors in a worksheet is called ____. a. |searching and replacing|c. |verifying| b. |debugging|d. |validating| ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 135 33. To import data stored on a Web site use a ____. a. |Web query|c. |Web import| b. |Web search|d. |Web copy| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 137 34. Most Excel specialists who build Web queries use the worksheet returned from the Web query as an engine to supply data to another ____ in the workbook. a. |range|c. |cell| b. |dialog box|d. |worksheet| ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 137 35. What name does Excel give the first blank worksheet? a. |Book1|c. |Worksheet1| b. |Workbook1|d. |Sheet1| ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 140 36. To rename sheets, double-click the sheet tab in the lower-left corner of the window, type the new sheet name, and then ____. . |click the Cancel box|c. |click the Name box| b. |press the ESC key|d. |press the ENTER key| ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 141 Figure 2-5 37. In the accompanying figure, what is the first step in renaming the worksheet? a. |Copy the name from an existing worksheet. | b. |Double-click the worksheet tab. | c. |Type the new name next to the old one. | d. |Delete the firs t worksheet in the workbook. | ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 141 38. In the accompanying figure, to move between worksheets, use the ____ to the left of the sheet tabs. a. |worksheet scrolling button|c. |tab scrolling buttons| b. |worksheet advancing button|d. sheet open-close button| ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 141 39. Longer worksheet names also can mean that ____ sheet tabs will show. a. |fewer|c. |more| b. |all|d. |no more| ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 141 40. E-mailing a workbook from Excel sends the workbook as a(n) ____ in the e-mail. a. |picture|c. |box| b. |attachment|d. |table | ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 143 MULTIPLE RESPONSE Modified Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following are considered guidelines to use when making decisions about creating a new workbook? a. |Determine the necessary formulas and functions needed| b. |Identify how to format various elements of the worksheet| c. Specify how the printed worksheet should appear| d. |Enter data into the worksheets and format the cells| ANS:A, B, CPTS:1REF:EX 85 2. Us ing arithmetic operation, the formula, =d4*e4, is the same as which formulas? a. |D4 * E4|c. |=D4 * E4| b. |d4 * e4|d. |=d4 * e4| ANS:C, DPTS:1REF:EX 92 3. You can apply conditional formatting to ____. a. |a cell|c. |a range of cells| b. |the entire worksheet|d. |the entire workbook| ANS:A, B, C, DPTS:1REF:EX 118 4. Which buttons in the Spelling dialog box will not change the spelling of the word? a. |AutoCorrect|c. |Ignore Once| b. |Undo Last|d. |Ignore All| ANS:C, DPTS:1REF:EX 128 . Which statements are true about the Excel spell checker? a. |It can check notes and embedded charts. | b. |It can check all sheets in a workbook. | c. |It can check in one language and offer suggestions in another language. | d. |When it reaches the end of the worksheet, it will ask if you want to continue checking at the beginning. | ANS:A, B, DPTS:1REF:EX 129 TRUE/FALSE 1. The arithmetic operator, ^, directs Excel to perform the division operation. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 92 2. Cell references in formulas m ust be entered in uppercase, and spaces cannot be added before or after arithmetic operators. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 92 . Regardless of the length and complexity of a formula, using Point mode to enter formulas always is slower and less accurate than using the keyboard. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 94 4. When a formula is copied, Excel adjusts the cell references so the new formulas contain references corresponding to the new location and performs calculations using the appropriate values. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 96 5. A smart tag indicator is a block plus sign located in the center of the cell. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 96 6. The AVERAGE function requires that the argument (the range) be included within parentheses before the function name. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 98 7. When Point mode is used to enter a formula or function, the arrow keys can be used to complete the entry. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 100 8. Excel has more than 400 functions. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 104 9. One of the least common mistakes made with Excel is to include the wrong cell reference in a formula. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 106 10. To use Range Finder to verify that a formula contains the intended cell references, right-click the cell with the formula to be checked. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 106 11. Excel does not allow the contents of a cell to be aligned vertically. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 114 12. The Comma Style button is located on the Ribbon. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 115 13. When using conditional formatting, if the condition is true, then Excel applies the formatting. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 118 14. With conditional formatting, if the value of the cell changes and no longer meets the specified condition, Excel suppresses the conditional formatting. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 121 15. A character is a dot on the screen that contains a color. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 122 16. A pixel is defined as a letter, number, symbol, or punctuation mark in 10-point Arial font, the default font used by Excel. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 122 17. The default row height in a blank worksheet is 12. 75 points (or 17 pixels). ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 122 18. To skip correcting a word identified by the spell checker, click the Ignore Once button in the Spelling dialog box. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 128 19. If a cell other than cell A1 is selected before starting the spell checker, Excel will display a dialog box when the spell checker reaches the end of the worksheet, asking if the spell checker should continue checking at the beginning. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 129 20. You can preview a worksheet using the Print Preview button on the menu bar. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 133 21. To import external data from a World Wide Web site, it is necessary to have access to the Internet. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 137 Figure 2-1 22. In the accompanying figure, the two middle scroll buttons to the left of the sheet tabs move to the first or last worksheet in the workbook. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 141 23. In the accompanying figure, the leftmost and rightmost scroll buttons to the left of the sheet tabs move one worksheet to the left or right. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 141 24. The tabs at the bottom of the worksheet window, in the accompanying figure, allow any of the worksheets in the workbook to be viewed. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 141 25. When a workbook is sent as an attachment to an e-mail, the recipient can double-click the attachment to open it in Excel, or save it on disk and then open it at a later time. ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 143 COMPLETION 1. The ____________________ preceding a formula is important because it alerts Excel that a formula or function is being entered and not text. ANS:equal sign PTS:1REF:EX 91 2. Excel places a small purple triangle, called a(n) ____________________, in a cell to indicate that a smart tag is available. ANS:smart tag indicator PTS:1REF:EX 96 3. A blank cell in Excel has a numerical value of ____________________. ANS: zero 0 PTS:1REF:EX 98 . The values used with a function are called ____________________. ANS:arguments PTS:1REF:EX 98 5. The ____________________ function sums the numbers in the specified range and then divides the sum by the number of non-zero cells in the range. ANS:AVERAGE function PTS:1REF:EX 99 6. The ____________________ function displays the highest value in a ran ge. ANS:MAX PTS:1REF:EX 101 7. The ____________________ function determines the lowest value in a range. ANS:MIN PTS:1REF:EX 102 8. The ____________________ inserts a comma every three positions to the left of the decimal point and causes numbers to be displayed to the nearest hundredths. ANS:Comma Style format PTS:1REF:EX 114 9. A(n) ____________________ is a dollar sign that appears immediately to the left of the first digit in a cell with no spaces. ANS:floating dollar sign PTS:1REF:EX 117 10. Formatting that appears only when the value in a cell meets specified conditions is called ____________________. ANS:conditional formatting PTS:1REF:EX 118 11. A(n) ____________________ is defined as a letter, number, symbol, or punctuation mark in the default font used by Excel. ANS:character PTS:1REF:EX 122 12. A(n) ____________________ is a dot on the screen that contains a color. ANS:pixel PTS:1REF:EX 122 13. ____________________ means that the width of a column will be increased or decreased so the widest entry will fit in the column. ANS:Best fit PTS:1REF:EX 122 14. ____________________ is a technique that can be used to conceal data that might not be relevant to a particular report or sensitive data that others should not see. ANS:Hiding cells PTS:1REF:EX 122 Figure 2-4 15. To correct a word throughout a worksheet, click the ____________________ in the Spelling dialog box shown in the accompanying figure. ANS:Change All button PTS:1REF:EX 127 16. To append words to the dictionary, click the ____________________ in the Spelling dialog box shown in the accompanying figure when Excel identifies the word as not in the dictionary. ANS:Add to Dictionary button PTS:1REF:EX 127 17. Click the ____________________ in the Spelling dialog box shown in the accompanying figure to add a misspelled word and its correct spelling to the list of words that Excel automatically will change. ANS:AutoCorrect button PTS:1REF:EX 127 18. The ____________________ of a worksheet is the version that shows the results of the formulas entered, rather than the actual formulas. ANS:values version PTS:1REF:EX 135 19. The ____________________ of a worksheet is the version that shows the actual formulas entered, rather than the resulting values. ANS:formulas version PTS:1REF:EX 135 20. ____________________ is the process of finding and correcting errors in a worksheet. ANS:Debugging PTS:1REF:EX 135 MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. The TOTAL function sums the numbers in the specified range and then divides the sum by the number of nonzero cells in the range. ANS:F, AVERAGE PTS:1REF:EX 99TOP:Critical Thinking 2. The HIGHVALUE function displays the highest value in a range. ANS:F, MAX PTS:1REF:EX 101TOP:Critical Thinking 3. The AVERAGE function displays the lowest value in a range. ANS:F, MIN PTS:1REF:EX 102TOP:Critical Thinking 4. A theme is a predefined set of colors, fonts, chart styles, cell styles, and fill effects that can be applied to an entire workbook. . ANS:TPTS:1REF:EX 107 TOP:Critical Thinking 5. A fixed dollar sign appears to the far left in the cell, often with spaces between it and the first digit; whereas a moving dollar sign appears immediately to the left of the first digit with no spaces. . ANS:F, floating PTS:1REF:EX 114TOP:Critical Thinking MATCHING Identify the letter of the choice that best matches the phrase or definition. a. |Web query|f. |smart tag| b. |order of operations|g. |function| c. |arguments|h. |pixel| d. |theme|i. |debugging| e. |condition|j. |spell checker| 1. Identifies certain actions to take on specific data in workbooks. 2. Used for importing into Excel data that is stored on a Web site. 3. Takes a value or values, performs an operation, and returns a result to the cell. 4. When more than one arithmetic operator is involved in a formula, Excel follows an order from left to right in a formula calculation. 5. A predefined set of colors, fonts, chart styles, cell styles, and fill effects that can be applied to an entire workbook. 6. A dot on the screen that contains a color and its size is based on the screen’s resolution. 7. If true, then Excel applies the formatting. If false, then Excel suppresses the formatting. 8. Compares words on the worksheet to words contained in its standard dictionary. 9. Values that are used with a function. 10. Finding and correcting errors in the worksheet. 1. ANS:FPTS:1REF:EX 96 2. ANS:APTS:1REF:EX 137 3. ANS:GPTS:1REF:EX 98 4. ANS:BPTS:1REF:EX 92 5. ANS:DPTS:1REF:EX 107 6. ANS:HPTS:1REF:EX 122 7. ANS:EPTS:1REF:EX 118 8. ANS:JPTS:1REF:EX 127 9. ANS:CPTS:1REF:EX 98 10. ANS:IPTS:1REF:EX 135 ESSAY 1. Excel’s strength lies in its handling of numbers and the presentation of them. Discuss some of the considerations to keep in mind when formatting numbers. In the discussion, include the terms fixed dollar sign, floating dollar sign, currency, and percent. ANS: Excel displays numbers using the Accounting Number Format with a dollar sign to the left of the number, inserts a comma every three positions to the left of the decimal point, and displays numbers to the nearest cent (hundredths place). Clicking the Accounting Number Format button on the Ribbon assigns the desired accounting number format. When you use the Accounting Number Format button to assign the accounting number format, Excel displays a fixed dollar sign to the far left in the cell, often with spaces between it and the first digit. The Accounting Number Format button assigns a fixed dollar sign to the numbers. To assign a floating dollar sign that appears immediately to the left of the first digit with no spaces, use the Currency Style in the Format Cells dialog box. The Comma Style format is used to instruct Excel to display numbers with commas and no dollar signs. The Comma Style format, which can be assigned to a range of cells by clicking the Comma Style button on the Ribbon, inserts a comma every three positions to the left of the decimal point and causes numbers to be displayed to the nearest hundredths. You can choose from 12 categories of formats. Once you select a category, you can select the number of decimal places, whether or not a dollar sign should be displayed, and how negative numbers should appear. Selecting the appropriate negative numbers format is important, because doing so adds a space to the right of the number in order to align the numbers in the worksheet on the decimal points. Some of the available negative number formats do not align the numbers in the worksheet on the decimal points. The Percent Style button instructs Excel to display a value as a percentage, determined by multiplying the cell entry by 100, rounding the result to the nearest percent, and adding a percent sign. PTS:1TOP:Critical Thinking 2. Discuss how to use conditional formatting, which is the feature of applying conditional operators to a cell, range, worksheet, or workbook. ANS: Excel allows an applied formatting to appear only when the value in a cell meets conditions specified by the user. This type of formatting is called conditional formatting. Any format can be conditionally assigned to a cell, a range of cells, a worksheet, or an entire workbook. If the value of the cell changes and no longer meets the specified condition, Excel suppresses the conditional formatting. Usually, conditional formatting is applied to a range of cells that contains values to highlight, if conditions warrant. For example, instructing Excel to change the color of the background of a cell if the value in the cell meets a condition, such as being less than 0. A condition, which is made up of two values and a relational operator, is true or false for each cell in the range. If the condition is true, then Excel applies the formatting. If the condition is false, then Excel suppresses the formatting. What makes conditional formatting so powerful is that the cell’s appearance can change as you enter new values in the worksheet. Conditional formatting (relational) operators include cell values that are: between or not between two numbers; equal to or not equal to a number; greater than or less than a number; greater than or equal to a number; and less than or equal to a number. PTS:1TOP:Critical Thinking 3. Discuss the relationship of debugging and displaying or printing the formulas version of a worksheet. Also describe the difference between the formulas version and the values version. ANS: The values version of the worksheet shows the results of the formulas entered, rather than the actual formulas. Excel also can display and print the formulas version of the worksheet, which shows the actual formulas entered, rather than the resulting values. Toggling between the values version and formulas version is possible by holding down the CTRL key while ressing the ACCENT MARK (`) key. The formulas version is useful for debugging a worksheet. Debugging is the process of finding and correcting errors in the worksheet. Viewing and printing the formulas version instead of the values version makes it easier to see any mistakes in the formulas. When changing from the values version to the formulas version, Excel increases the width of the columns so the formulas and text do not overflow to adjacent cells on the right. The formulas version of the worksheet usually is significantly wider than the values version. To fit the wide printout on one page, set the orientation to landscape, and the Fit to option in the Page sheet in the Page Setup dialog box. PTS:1TOP:Critical Thinking CASE Critical Thinking Questions Case 1 Leo, owner of Leo’s Bread Company, has recently acquired Excel 2007. He would like to set up a workbook to track sales of different types of breads to determine which types are the most popular among customers. He is particularly interested in sales of rye bread, onion rolls, and bagels. Leo uses the Accounting Number Format with the sales numbers he enters into the cells. . After Leo enters the sales numbers into the cells, he decides he does not want the fixed dollar sign to appear on the far left of the cell, separated by white spaces from the actual value. He would prefer that the dollar sign appear immediately to the left of the first digit of the number. To format the location of the dollar sign, which category on the Number tab in the Format Cells dialog box would he select? a. |General|c. |Currency| b. |Number|d. |Accounting| ANS: C PTS:1REF:EX 114 | 116TOP:Critical Thinking 2. The worksheets still have the default names assigned to them automatically by Excel. How would Leo rename the worksheets to Rye Bread, Onion Rolls, and Bagels? a. |In cell A1, press ALT+ENTER keys and type the new name. |c. |Select cell A1 of the worksheet and type the new name. | b. |Double-click the worksheet tab, type the new name, and press the ENTER key. |d. |Click the top center cell on the worksheet and type the new name. | ANS: B PTS:1REF:EX 141TOP:Critical Thinking Critical Thinking Questions Case 2 Anna is a competitive runner. She wants to improve her performance and decides to keep track of data for six months to determine if the time of day or year affects performance numbers. On a single worksheet, she labels the columns B through E as follows: (B) Start Time, (C) End Time, (D) Total Time, (E) Distance. The rows are labeled: (2) Date, (3)Maximum, (4) Average, (5) Minimum. 3. After three months, Anna wants to know the longest total time she has run, as listed in the Total Time column. By looking at the values in the column, she finds the longest total time to be 54 minutes. Instead of manually entering that value in cell D3 (Maximum Total Time), Anna decides to use the MAX function to determine the value rather than manually entering the 54 minutes. Why did Anna prefer to use the MAX function? a. |She believes that 54 minutes is her best running time. |c. |She believes that 54 minutes is not her best running time. | b. |The MAX function recalculates the highest value each time a new value is entered into the worksheet. |d. |The MAX function provides a constant value that will not change for this cell when a new value is entered into the worksheet. | ANS: B PTS:1REF:EX 102TOP:Critical Thinking 4. When she sets up the worksheet, Anna wants to the know the average distance she runs. What should she do in cell E4 to determine the average distance? a. |Enter the text =av and then select the AVERAGE function from the AutoComplete list; then enter the cell range. |c. |Enter the text =function and then select the AVERAGE function from the AutoFunction list; then enter the cell range. | b. |Enter the text E2:E9 and then enter the cell range. |d. |Enter the text E2:E9/9 and then enter the cell range. | ANS: A PTS:1REF:EX 99TOP:Critical Thinking

Research Paper on Drinking & Driving Essay

Course Project_Final Draft A real-world problem that I have conducted my research on was drinking and driving in teens. Every day, almost 30 people in the United States die in motor vehicle crashes that involve an alcohol-impaired driver (cdc.gov). Each year there are thousands of deaths because teens seem to believe they are invincible even to drinking, they get behind the wheel, and well you can imagine the consequences to that, they don’t know they don’t only put their lives at risk but those on the road as well. This amounts to one death every 48 minutes. The annual cost of alcohol-related crashes totals more than $51 billion. Conducting research can lead you to so many gateways of knowledge you never could have imaged, this especially includes statistics. You never really know about anything until you are able to see numbers, information, charts or even professional speakers giving presentations based on information that is proven to be true do to these real world problems. Statistics is a math that can give you world-wide range of numbers. Statistical methods that have helped me see my research into a bigger picture were the statistical graphics, such as dot plots, bar graphs, pie graphs, etc. A little bit of describing, exploring and comparing data came in handy as well. Data collection is the best way to be able to see or show an audience your statistics, I couldn’t have looked up a better resource than what I did, I used www.cdc.gov (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). I liked this resource not only because I know it’s a reliable website since it’s a government based website but also because its gives you clear numbers, years, percentages but also visual statistical graphs that display their data. In 2010, 10,228 people were killed in alcohol-impaired driving crashes, accounting for nearly one-third (31%) of all traffic-related deaths in the United States. In that same year, over 1.4 million drivers were arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics, that’s one of the 112 million self-reported assurances of alcohol-impaired driving each year. With all this information it makes you think who is all at risk? The main top categories of people who are at most risk of getting behind the  wheel un der the influence are young people, motorcyclists as well as drivers with prior driving while impaired convictions such as a DUI. Young people are at risk because the levels of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is at greater risk than those of older people. Drivers with levels of 0.08% or higher involved in fatal crashes in 2010 were one of every 3 were between the ages of 21-24 which is 34%. The next two largest groups were the ages of 25-34 and then 35-44 and from 25-44 age group there is a lower percent tile of accidents, which can tell you teens are at great risk. Motorcyclists are at great risk because 28% of fatal crashes in 2010 were alcohol impaired motorcyclists between the ages of 40 or older. For those drivers that have had a prior driving impaired conviction are four times more like to have a BAC of 0.08% or higher of involvement in fatal crashes due to the same fact that they have done the action in their life before. Undergoing such scary and cruel information many of us think what is happening to the world?! What can we do about it?! There are many laws and actions trying to be done but all I can do is to think a little more and see what else can be done besides just increasing the legal drinking age, or taking away driver licenses of those driving while intoxicated. We have the option of parents or friends to not allow your friend to drive their car if they know they will be drinking or if you know you won’t be driving you can indicate yourself as the DD (designated driver). Other options that I believe can really help is have the media promoting more on the NO DRINKING AND DRIVING, instead of just promoting the alcoholic beverages on TV, radio etc. The biggest things that I believe that can make a difference is to come up with some kind of technology that can be installed in the car that can help detect or see if the driver is ok to drive the vehicle. Sprint has this new sort of technology that goes along with the NO TEXTING AND DRIVING, this happens by when the driver getting into the car, the cellphone shuts down automatically and it won’t come on until the car is in a complete none motion and engine off, pretty neat huh? We as Americans need to think about the box and realize there are bigger things out there causing great effects and so we then must build bigger and better.

60 Interesting Research Paper Topics †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

60 Interesting Research Paper Topics Research paper topic has to be up-to-date, engaging, and scientific. It has to deal with the most typical problems of modern society. Students should choose topics based on their relevance to their community. If a teacher does not assign a specific research paper topic, it means that you can come up with your own idea. It is not that easy to select a good research paper topic idea. You have to look through endless pages of many different sources to offer your idea to the world. Besides, it is important to make sure that the social, political, or economic problem of your choice is harshly discussed in the media. Find out whether this life problem has a lot of information available in free access to your further research. Human health, problems with children, road safety, animal protection, women rights, and life cycle – all of these topics are perfect for your future project. It is too difficult to select only one idea. You may count on efficient online help when thinking about the best topic name. Avoid stable facts that do not change for years. It is better to talk about some innovations or sensations in your research paper. Do not take too fresh ideas as well – such topics may lack information to serve as your evidence. You may talk about food or impact of the internet on our life. Millions of sources are describing these topics in details. Learn here how to write A+ research paper. Your research paper has to be 100% unique meaning no plagiarism is allowed. The rights of the official sources you might use are reserved, so you have to cite every phrase used in your research paper. Do not forget to include a separate References page (a.k.a. Bibliography) at the end of your research project to distinguish the authors you were inspired by. Besides, your readers have a right to know where to find the sources. If you are using online sources in your research topic, mention them with the links. The main idea is that work cannot be good without all works cited included properly. There are many social problems in the life of modern United States citizens. You should know where to get inspired while choosing your research paper topic. We have collected some issues that may help you to select the best topic from the list. Please have a look at the research paper topics listed below to start searching for the right sources now! Most Recently Selected Research Paper Topics We will do half of the work instead of you by providing a list of good research paper topics below. How to protect abortion doctors and pregnant women. Search for scientific evidence of abortion. Unborn victims of violence. Search for the main factors thanks to which relative equality has been achieved. Reverse discrimination. NOW, National Organization for Women – any related topic. Parents who pay twice: is education worth of it? Government contribution to the public wealth. Special classes with students who have disabilities. Changes in required standardized tests. Search for what local control of education is about. Discrimination in education. Women role in international politics has grown significantly. Paperwork vs. printing on computers. Global warming causes and effects in the closest future. Finding time to dedicate to charity. The time a human being requires to reach the closest planets. Programs aimed to clone humans. Smoking in public places consequences. University education guarantees brilliant career. The Internet has allowed a quick search. In several European schools, fewer than 10% of students get the highest grades. Is there grade inflation in the United States? â€Å"A† means nothing when it comes to joining military. Education and funding –any research topic. No Child Left Behind Act – any good idea. Remote education has shown magnificent results. The role of term papers in the educational system. Children rights should be defended more intensively. How do  GPS  systems work? Who was actually the first person to reach the Moon? Consumer rights are best protected in developed countries. Any search on the internet regulations. Search for the influence of the internet on music and cinematography industries. Pick some good thoughts. How does a search engine work? Animal rights are protected better these days. Prolonged steroid use on the human body has more negative effects than positive results. Usage of medical marijuana. Alcohol beverages are twice more dangerous than any of the known drugs. Research results. Do the benefits of vaccination outweigh its threats? Any good topic dedicated to common sleep disorders. Crisps are the worst food when talking about the obesity problem. The way  skateboard invention has changed  the world. The main causes of the  stock market crash  of 2008 and further world’s financial crisis. Searching for answers to how  Cleopatra  came to power in Egypt. The law that forbids drinking on the board of the airplane has improved the overall safety situation. Hip-hop history and cultural impact. What makes the  platypus  an original and interesting mammal? The most effective way to make money work for you instead of vice versa. The life on Earth is coming to its logical end (with proofs). Online strangers appear to be sexual maniacs in most of the cases. Obesity – any research topic. Depression – find an effective study as an example of a good approach to fighting with this disorder. Schizophrenia and other nervous break-downs. How much the  war on drugs  cost Americans annually. Teen literacy suffers because of the regular text messaging – essay with pros and cons. Human evolution – has it really reached its finish? What is the  curse  of the pharaohs? Vegetarianism – any subject. Search for a good idea on dyslexia. How are  black holes  built? Don’t forget about the opportunity to order a complete custom research paper done from scratch from the online professionals!

The Tragic Love Story of Cybele and Attis

The Tragic Love Story of Cybele and Attis Cybele and Attis is the story of the Phrygian great mother goddess Cybeles tragic love for the mortal Attis. It is also a story of self-mutilation and regeneration. When Cybele- one of Zeus would-be lovers- rejected him, Zeus wouldnt take no for an answer. While his victim slept, the great philanderer spilled his seed on her. ( In due course, Cybele gave birth to Agdistis, a hermaphroditic demon so strong and wild that the other gods feared him. In their terror, they cut off his male sexual organ. From its blood sprang an almond tree. This castration/birth connection is also seen in one version of the story of the birth of Aphrodite. Attis Is Born to Nana The river Sangarius had a daughter named Nana who ate the fruit of this almond tree. When, as a result of her snack, Nana delivered a boy child 9 months later, Nana exposed the child. This was an ancient method of dealing with unwanted children that usually led to death, but did not in the case of such important figures as Romulus and Remus, Paris, and Oedipus. Infant death was not to be his fate, however. Instead, reared by the proverbial area shepherds, the boy soon became healthy and handsome- so handsome his grandmother Cybele fell in love with him. The First Violets The boy, whose name was Attis, was unaware of the love Cybele bore him. In time, Attis saw the king of Pessinus beautiful daughter, fell in love, and wished to marry her. The goddess Cybele became insanely jealous and drove Attis mad as revenge. Running crazy through the mountains, Attis stopped at the foot of a pine tree. There Attis castrated and killed himself. From Attis blood sprang the first violets. The tree took care of Attis spirit. Attis flesh would have decayed had not Zeus stepped in to assist Cybele in his resurrection. The Ritual of Attis Since then, a yearly ritual has been performed to purify the body of the dead Attis. The priests- referred to as Galli or Galilee- are emasculated in emulation of Attis. A pine tree is chopped down, covered with violets and carried to the shrine of Cybele on Mt. Dindymus. There Attis is mourned for 3 days. Then, when Cybele brings him back to life, there is a wild and joyful celebration.

An End to Animal Abuse Essay Example for Free

An End to Animal Abuse Essay â€Å"Animals are dying all over the world and becoming endangered species mostly because of animal abuse and cruelty† (James Gorman). It is a worldwide problem that will continue unless people are concerned about it or stop doing it. There should be more laws regulating child labor. Animal abuse stops scientists from researching animals. Animals become endangered species. It also causes psychological effect. Animal abuse must be abolished. One reason animal abuse must be abolished is because it stops scientists from researching other animals. â€Å"Researching animals helped make medicines for terrible diseases.† (James Gorman). One endangered animal is the chimpanzee, which is endangered because of being trapped in cages. Another reason animal abuse should be abolished is that animals die and become endangered species. â€Å"Breeds of horses face endangerment and extinction because of animal abuse.† (www.horsetradition.com). These horses get slaughtered by people for their meat because people think horses can cure HIV. Some horses are killed because of religion. Last reason animal abuse should be abolished is that animal abuse causes psychological effect. â€Å"This means animals are shy and aggressive because of being injured and hurt. The most negative thing about animal abuse is psychological effect.† (James Gorman). As you can see, there are many reasons why there should be more laws regulating animal abuse. Animals getting injured and hurt badly causes many horrible things. It makes scientists give up on their research on animals, animals get close to endangerment or extinction, and most importantly, it will cause effects when animals are hurt. If you see animals getting abused or treated bad, call the ASPCA. They are professionals and save and find homes for animals every day. An End to Animal Abuse. (2016, Sep 30).

The Impact of Lobbying on Standard Setting in Accounting Essay

The Impact of Lobbying on Standard Setting in Accounting - Essay Example The essay "The Impact of Lobbying on Standard Setting in Accounting" discusses and critically evaluates the impact of lobbying on standard setting in accounting. Also, in the evaluation of the impact of lobbying on standard setting in accounting, various examples have been used to support the inferences that have been made. According to Frattini, lobbying on standard setting in accounting ensures that there are assurance and legitimacy among standard setters. The process of standard setting should be characterized by the provision of financial information, which will be acceptable and useful to all parties. Therefore, if a standard setter, especially a government body formulates measurement rules that are designated to support government policies, the integrity and credibility of the standard setter would be threatened, regardless of the fiscal merits of the measurement rules. As lobbyists pressure standard setters over the credibility of standards, the standard setters will seek to formulate accounting standards in an innovative manner. Since the parties that are affected by various accounting standards are diversified and there are no adequate conditions for guaranteeing the legitimacy and credibility of a standard, lobbying on standard setting in accounting becomes necessary. This is because ensuring procedural safeguards and inclusiveness in standard setting may be difficult. Standard setters they develop the best, possible accounting standards to secure acceptance of the standards by stakeholders. The conflict that may exist between the standard setters and stakeholders may be used strategically to influence legitimacy and credibility among accounting standard setters (McKay, 2006, p, 2). Therefore, lobbying on standard setting in accounting ensures that assurance and legitimacy among standard setters is enhanced. Lobbying and Revelation of Informatio n about Future Standards Implementation Lobbying on standard setting in accounting allows all the stakeholders to participate in the process of setting standards, and measures the interest about an issue. For instance, when some stakeholders oppose a particular accounting standard, they raise their concerns by advising the government and other interested parties to influence the amendment or removal of the standard (Godfrey & Chalmers, 2007 and Holgate, 2006). This means that more information about the controversial standard has to be provided by the relevant standard setter. Therefore, lobbying on standard setting in accounting reveals information pertaining to the potential implementation problems and costs of future standards (Frattini, 2007, p, 7). Companies and other stakeholders who will be affected by the accounting standa

Internal and External Pay Equity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internal and External Pay Equity - Research Paper Example The equity theory states that the wages of the employee must match the job standards and the labor market (Dreher & Dougherty 2002). The managers hence believe that if they fail to match the wages wit the rest of the industry, chances are the best qualified employees will migrate to the rest companies that are paying better. The company that pays lowly will also not attract qualified people. This implies that incompetent personnel will be guiding the company which is translated as a management failure. According to Dreher & Dougherty (2002) matching the pay to the overall industry pay roll or the value of the job plays a great role in ensuring the satisfaction of the employee. This is because the morale of the employee is boosted when the relative wage that he or she is being paid is equal to the skills and abilities that he or she provides. When the image of a company is recognized, the employee feel appreciated, and works effectively to ensure the same level is either maintained or pushed to higher standards. According to the article, the only better way to ensure the best and qualified personnel are maintained in a business or company is by ensuring that their pay checks match those of their colleagues or the value of the job they are carrying out. The consequence of ignoring this is losing them to other companies and risking the operations of the company. Remuneration is termed the best motivation an employee

Strategy of international Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Strategy of international Business - Assignment Example The demand drivers for ABC could be the expansion in technology, country’s economic growth and the rising levels of disposable income. An environmental analysis of the company has been carried out as it will help in emphasizing the opportunities as well as recognizing the threats from which the company can get harm. International cultural diversity at ABC is explained. It focuses on the fact that the company welcomes ideas and opinion of their employees to ensure that they represent the international marketplace. They believe that having a diverse staff is crucial to their business. The control process and communication system of the company is also taken into consideration. Among the standardization and adaption approach, standardization approach has been suggested for the company because the standardization method influences the economies of scale which facilitates in lowering the cost. ABC, through their shows satisfies the various needs of audience, which is one of the cha racteristics of standardization approach. One of the main reasons for the adoption of standardization approach is that ABC does not need to differentiate its service or products from its peers as the company is already offering high rated shows on its channel. The marketing mix of the company is also taken into consideration. A market development strategy is suggested for ABC because all shows are already famous and loved by the existing customers and it can expand its business by tapping the new customers. The company could adopt several promotion strategies to make new customers aware of their shows. It has been also recommended that ABC should adopt licensing entry strategy because it will result in the augmentation of their revenue. International business includes entire commercial transactions such as governmental and private sales, transportations, logistics and investments that happen between different nations, countries and regions

Immigrant Communities and the Trajectories of Othering Essay

Immigrant Communities and the Trajectories of Othering - Essay Example According to another of my writing pieces, the Social Security Administration affirms the illegal immigrants benefit American society. The immigrants pay taxes. The employers automatically withhold the taxes from the illegal immigrants. Lastly, the illegal immigrants buy U.S. goods and services. Accordingly, my other writing piece states the Hmong farmer ethnic race suffers from immigration hardships. Laos’ war-expelled Hmong people travelled around the world. The people suffer from not having a legitimate country. The U.S. immigration law favors the Hmong people (Yang 271). According to my other writing piece, immigrants do their best to be accepted by the U.S. society. The constitution protects the non-citizens. The dominant American population needs cheap labor. The constitution understands’ the plight of immigrants trying to escape from their home country’s life-threatening society, while sending money back home to their families (Mummert 7). According to my other writing piece, immigrants continue facing challenges trying to fit into American society. Immigrants try to be accepted by the new country’s residents. Oppression forces the immigrants to necessarily comply with the American society’s standards. The immigrants’ are forced to accept low wages. According to student Anna Sepeda’s research, othering includes affirming gender discrimination and race discrimination are realistically prevalent over the immigrant population. Sepeda correctly indicates immigrants usually start on the same footing (Mcintosh 91). Sepeda admits immigrants go through unbearable racial and gender discrimination in the new home. The immigration border patrol exercises selective race and gender discrimination. According to student Jake Helmandollar’s research, our nations’ immigration policies are tainted with racial and class issues (Clayton 261). Helmandollar affirms that the

How does themed hotels affect the tourism industry Lab Report

How does themed hotels affect the tourism industry - Lab Report Example In case of the local tourists visiting the hotels for their services, the choice of themes to be used should not be of the local culture. It has to be something new since they are used to whatever is in the locality. 7 To sum up the discussion section of this research study, it should be noted that management of any business enterprise is very vital. These hotels if well managed will not only benefit the owners but also the nation in which a given hotel is found. This is through earning the nation foreign exchange, which in turn helps in sky rocketing the country’s economy. This will end up improving the living standards of the citizens. 7 Conclusion/Recommendations 8 References 10 Abstract The main purpose behind conducting this study was to investigate the effect of themed hotels on the tourism industry. The researcher mainly collected information from secondary sources to make the analyses, recommendations and conclusion of this report. The findings of the study outline how the tourism industry is influenced by the type of hotel in question. At the end of it, there are some recommendations, which if put in action, can propel the industry to rise higher and higher. Introduction A hotel can be termed as a commercial place where people, especially travelers and tourists buy meals, pay for accommodation services. A theme on the other hand, despite the various meanings the word bears, in the context of this report, it refers to the hotels having artistic decorations. These decorations can be in form of paintings on the wall that result in to a recurring pattern making the place look more attractive than in the case of ordinary hotels. Another word we need to be familiar with before proceeding with the report is tourism. The definition of the word Tourism can be that it is an activity carried out by either one person or a group of persons. This is usually as a result of people moving from one place to another. It can be from one country to another with the aim of performing a given task or just for the sake of entertainment. This report deals with the facts, discussions, conclusions and recommendations relating to the effect of themed hotels on the tourist industry. As outlined by http://www.unusualhotelsoftheworld.com; Unusual & Unique Hotels of the World, there are various themed hotels worldwide examples being Reino Fungi Lodge and Nothofagus Hotel and Spa ( both located at the Huilo Huilo Biological Reserver), Magic Mountain Hotel situated in the midst of Chilean Patagonian Rainforest, The Pavillion – London in the United Kingdom and many others. Facts/Findings Themed hotels bearing some sort of uniqueness are slightly costly. Though some tourists shy away, a good number of them being the local tourists, the number is incomparable to those who visit the places or else it could be useless to carry on with the business. In the course of this research study, it was evident that these hotels have a notable impact on the tourism industry. Firstly, due to the unique motif they bear in their establishment starting from the decor, dining and the personnel. This is as according to www.wisegreek.com; (What is a themed Hotel?) The choice of the theme to be used should typically connote every little detail be it in the hotel where the visitors get their meals from, the rooms in which

The value and impact of information technology investments and the Thesis

The value and impact of information technology investments and the implications of those investements for effective management of the information systems organization - Thesis Example It has been concluded after performing this research that the technological resources are allocated by investing in the field of the information technology. Different firms which are existing and running business want to improve their operations and working systems of the business. Hence the impacts which are measured after the implementation of these technological advancements are known as the intangible benefits. These initiatives are increasing more in the developing countries which is discussed in detail in the report. This factor contributes in the overall economical performance of the organization as well as to the country. Moreover it is beneficial for the competition also. There are several reasons which are present in the thesis for which organization wants to improve the overall operations or few departments with the help of information technology investment. The value that is achieved by the use of IT is also described in paper for having a clear idea about the advantages and uses of these types of investments. The paper concludes with in-depth analysis of the framework discussed and provides some options which can be implemented in organizations looking for IT advancement. Technological advancements in every field are necessary and should be used by organizations striving for their development. Every organization whether big or small needs to be updated and want to invest more in the field of information technology. Every organization works specifically on improving their operations and processes with the help of latest information technology techniques and processes. Large companies focus more on these types of investments in order to get the maximum output from its operations and to earn more revenues.

How does themed hotels affect the tourism industry Lab Report

How does themed hotels affect the tourism industry - Lab Report Example In case of the local tourists visiting the hotels for their services, the choice of themes to be used should not be of the local culture. It has to be something new since they are used to whatever is in the locality. 7 To sum up the discussion section of this research study, it should be noted that management of any business enterprise is very vital. These hotels if well managed will not only benefit the owners but also the nation in which a given hotel is found. This is through earning the nation foreign exchange, which in turn helps in sky rocketing the country’s economy. This will end up improving the living standards of the citizens. 7 Conclusion/Recommendations 8 References 10 Abstract The main purpose behind conducting this study was to investigate the effect of themed hotels on the tourism industry. The researcher mainly collected information from secondary sources to make the analyses, recommendations and conclusion of this report. The findings of the study outline how the tourism industry is influenced by the type of hotel in question. At the end of it, there are some recommendations, which if put in action, can propel the industry to rise higher and higher. Introduction A hotel can be termed as a commercial place where people, especially travelers and tourists buy meals, pay for accommodation services. A theme on the other hand, despite the various meanings the word bears, in the context of this report, it refers to the hotels having artistic decorations. These decorations can be in form of paintings on the wall that result in to a recurring pattern making the place look more attractive than in the case of ordinary hotels. Another word we need to be familiar with before proceeding with the report is tourism. The definition of the word Tourism can be that it is an activity carried out by either one person or a group of persons. This is usually as a result of people moving from one place to another. It can be from one country to another with the aim of performing a given task or just for the sake of entertainment. This report deals with the facts, discussions, conclusions and recommendations relating to the effect of themed hotels on the tourist industry. As outlined by http://www.unusualhotelsoftheworld.com; Unusual & Unique Hotels of the World, there are various themed hotels worldwide examples being Reino Fungi Lodge and Nothofagus Hotel and Spa ( both located at the Huilo Huilo Biological Reserver), Magic Mountain Hotel situated in the midst of Chilean Patagonian Rainforest, The Pavillion – London in the United Kingdom and many others. Facts/Findings Themed hotels bearing some sort of uniqueness are slightly costly. Though some tourists shy away, a good number of them being the local tourists, the number is incomparable to those who visit the places or else it could be useless to carry on with the business. In the course of this research study, it was evident that these hotels have a notable impact on the tourism industry. Firstly, due to the unique motif they bear in their establishment starting from the decor, dining and the personnel. This is as according to www.wisegreek.com; (What is a themed Hotel?) The choice of the theme to be used should typically connote every little detail be it in the hotel where the visitors get their meals from, the rooms in which

Reliable Pharmaceutical Service Essay Example for Free

Reliable Pharmaceutical Service Essay The scope of the project is to develop a web based application for Reliable Pharmaceutical Service to ease the existing system for its employees. The new web based application should be user friendly and should be hosted at the headquarters of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service. The existing data Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should be moved into the new web based application. Before the start of the development activities of the web based application, the activities like effort estimation, risk identification, budget allocation, resource identification etc should be completed to ensure hassle free development of the project. The effort estimation should be done very precisely to ensure the timely completion of the project. The testing of the web based application plays an important role in the successful project delivery therefore the software should be extensively tested so avoid any hiccups in the future. There will be several defects that may be identified during the testing phase. The resolution of all such defects is also in the scope of this project. The existing losses of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service are due to the complex system on which the whole company relies upon. The new web based application should work in such a way that Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should start making profits once again. The web based application so developed should be such that the widespread network of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should be precisely united. The business that is being carried forward with the existing old technologies should be completely replaced with the new web technology without any loss of data.

Impact Of Technology In Architecture Cultural Studies Essay

Impact Of Technology In Architecture Cultural Studies Essay Technology is a kind of tools, techniques, systems and machine, in order to help people in solving problems and achieve goals. With the improvement of technology, people find it easy and convenience in doing things in their life. In addition, it also helps people to save time and cost while achieving goals and even improves the quality of works. In the twenty-first century, technology is almost everything and everywhere in the world. As long as there have been people, there has been technology. This quote hints that people use technology in almost everything they do and wherever they go. People find it hardly to avoid by using technologies, mobile phone is one of examples. Nowadays we can see most of the people are holding a mobile phone in anywhere. With the advanced technology, mobile phone can be used to take photo, web surfing, play games, watch videos and etc. other than just calls. This shows that technology has been already a part of human life. Other than that, the invention of internet by technology has directly changed the way on how the people live today compared to the previous generations. Almost everything can be done by doing it online in anywhere and anytime as long as they have a device that can access to the internet. Besides, the improvement of technology has influenced the several fields in the industry such as business, automobile industry, healthcare, film industry, architectural and etc. In the past, there were many issues that couldnt be solved but with the technology research through the years, the impossible became possible, many knowledge and information, machinery and device have been enhanced and brought into the industries. In this essay, architectural will be the range of study, the influences and impact of technology on architecture. Technology has affected architecture in several ways. Firstly, computer aided software was created to help architects in the development of design ideas in architecture project. Secondly, the construction machinery and methods were improved, in order to build any kind of form and shape to achieve the unique design of the architects. Thirdly, knowledge and information of architecture were enhanced by the invention of the new materials. Architecture has been played an important role in human life, without it human couldnt live in the earth until now. Previously, building was intended as a shelter or habitation for human, however human seems to be more concerned and demanded on the appearance of the building rather than its function in this twenty-first century. What is the reason of this issue? Does the technology affect the function of building? There are three topics to be discussed in this essay, information technology (IT) will be the first topic, the impact of information technology on architecture. The second and third topics will talk about the particular architects, Zaha Hadid and Frank Gehry, how they use the technology to apply in the design process and the construction of the unique form of the buildings. Several case studies of their buildings will be done in these topics. Background Modern architecture was a revolution. It destroyed the existing Beaux-Arts regime and replaced it with a new order. The face of earth would never be the same. (John Peter, 1994) Beaux Arts is a kind of style in architecture design and it remained in the architecture industry for two-and-a-half centuries before the modern style of architecture take place. The appearance of Beaux-Arts architecture looks much more complicated compared to the modern architecture because it was depended on the sculptural decoration and modern architecture was depended on simple kind of forms. With the time passed, the Beaux Arts style of architecture was slowly replaced by the modern style of architecture. It was difficult to find the Beaux Arts style of architecture in the twentieth century. The buildings were mostly designed with modern style by the modernist architects. As the twentieth century dawned, architecture was clearly overdue for a change. The nineteenth-century Beaux-Arts style was out of joint with the times. (John Peter, 1994) In the twentieth century, the mindset of architects in the design process of architecture was changed. The appearance of the buildings were started not to design with the purpose for historical commemoration but based on the specific function of the building. Whether it be the sweeping eagle in his flight or the open apple-blossom, the toiling work-horse, the blithe swan, the branching oak, the winding stream at its base, the drifting clouds, over all the coursing sun, form ever follows function, and this is the law. Louis Henry Sullivan (Frei, 1992:32) This quote was made by one of the famous architects, Louis Henry Sullivan in his essay, The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered in 1896. With the quote that Louis Henry Sullivan made, every building has its own function which means how the way that the owner of the building used it and all the buildings should have its particular facade and form based on their specific functions. For instance, a hospital should have to be designed like a building that use to serve those people who come and seek for medical attention and people can be able to differentiate a hospital from a library that people use to borrow books and find research and resources or a school that people use to study. There were the good points and bad points in architectural by the law of Louis Henry Sullivan, form follows function. People may find it easy in finding the particular building that they want to go but it limited the design ideas from designing a building with a unique form, in order to make people have a different kind of feeling on the sense of sight. Other than just the law, the design ideas were also limited by the technology in the past. Some architects may have the design ideas with different kind of architecture style but they couldnt proceed to the construction stage by using the old technology. In the twentieth century, the technology has been improved and architects are starting to design with a phrase, function defies form which was the changing of the concept of architectural form and functions. The law of Louis Henry Sullivan, form follows function will be no longer exists in the next century. The form of the buildings were not designed according to their own function like the facade of a library may looks like a museum or people may not know what is it until they go into the building. Bernard Tschumi, a renowned architect and a transgression thinker in architectural issues, suggested that function does not follow form, form does not follow function. However form and function certainly interact, if only to produce a shock effect. (Izham Ghani, 2007) The new technology, defined as industrial or applied science, produced a multiplying array of new machines and materials. (John Peter, 1994) With the improvement of technology, several new materials were invented into the architecture industry. These new materials were inexpensive and flexible to use in construction and the invention of these enabled the architects to create different kind of unique design in architecture. Other than that, the limitations of the past in construction can be solved by using the modern technologies. The products of the new technology steel beams and cables, reinforced concrete, and plastic changed the way buildings were designed and built. Units mass-produced in factories and assembled with modern machinery on the site save both time and money. Perhaps most important of all, they save labor. All of this is still true today, despite the fact that our buildings contain sophisticated equipment for heating, cooling, lighting, communications, and security unimagined in earlier times. (John Peter, 1994) Human got a lot of benefits by the improvement of technology in the time passed. Aesthetic architectures were created to beautify the environment, in the same time people can live or work in a comfortable environment, in order to produce high quality works. Architecture with the application of new materials for the appearance of the building can produce a beautiful sense of sight to people. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the German architect Peter Behrens designed the influential Berlin Turbine Factory for the electrical firm Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesellshaft. With its reinforced Concrete and huge glazed side-walls, it signaled the emergence of a new architecture. Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier worked in his office. (John Peter, 1994) In the twenty-first century, many architecture styles were created and many buildings were designed and constructed with different ways to produce aesthetic and unique appearance. Irregular shape of architecture can be constructed by using the high technologies of construction. It is based on the demands of the architects, architects can design the building in any kind of shape that they want with the advanced technology today. The advanced technology allowed the architects to generate their ideas digitally which designing in a virtual space. It can be done by using the computer aided software which is another creation by the technology. With all these technologies, architects gained a lot of benefits in the designing process and even can produce a great work in architecture. Information Technology Information technology (IT) is the meaning of the use of telecommunications and computers equipment for the purpose of storage, processing, transfer and manipulating data. People normally used IT as a term of synonym for computers. However it has consist of many different kind of technologies such as computers, computer software and networks, telephones, mobile phones, printers and scanners and even fax machines. With the invention of IT, it did change the way people work other than the way people live. It helps people to save time and cost to produce even better work compared to working manually. Most of the works can be done with paperless in the electronic way. Other than that, it has the ability for people to produce mass production in a short time. Electronic mail, groupware, telecommuting and videoconferencing, have become relatively standard technologies to enhance group processes. These technical innovations have made it possible for work teams to communicate at anytime, anyplace and anywhere. (Johnson Clayton, 1998) IT brings benefits for the people who work in group, it makes people convenience in communications and allows them to have group discussions at anytime, in order to produce a better and quality result. Information technology can significantly improve work group productivity by increasing the speed and decreasing the cost of communication and coordination. (Johnson Clayton, 1998) At the same time, people are also able to transfer or exchange data and information with the internet technology by using the electronic mail or several software such as Dropbox, Virtualbox and etc. They can instantly get all kind of data and information in electronic forms from the certain person that they are communicating with. In this way, people manage to save cost and time in travelling around to get all the documents that they want. The top three organizational effects were: allowed business to be done at greater distances, shortened work cycle time, and reduced the need for clerical support staff. (Johnson Clayton, 1998) With all these advanced technologies, the way of architects think in designing a building has been changed. The design of architecture will be demanded on the conceptualization, aesthetic or functionality. It is because of the advancement of the technologies has been resulted in the lost of the basic function of a building. In the past, people have to send letters by putting them into the post-box, shopping in shopping malls, super markets and retails or do research and borrow books in the library. With the advanced technology, all these activities can be done by using email technology, online shopping and web searching for information or download e-books from the internet. Nowadays, people are too relied on using the technology to do everything, they can achieve their goal or complete their task by using the internet without leaving the chair. Architects have to design with the aim of beautify the space instead of the functionality of it because the need of built space has been reduced. As a result of this, many buildings were designed in curvilinear forms with the assist of information technology. IT has freed the architect to create heretofore unaccomplished curvaceous form, and new service areas are emerging in the information age frontier marketplace. (Larry R. Barrow, 2000) Other than that, IT has impacted architecture in the design process as well other than just the form. In the end of the twentieth century, architects are starting to design and generate ideas by using computer. Complex and unique design of architecture can be done with computerized and the invention of computer aided software such as AutoCAD, InteriCAD, Adobe software, Rhinoceros, 3D Studio Max, CATIA (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) and many more. With all this computer aided software, architects are able to save time and create unique design that cannot be done by manually. Other than that, it enabled architects to have accurate measurement for the space calculation, in order to create realistic visual of the designed building. In the twenty-first century, computerization and the improvement of design technology and practice are two of the most important technology in the architecture industry. Improving design technology means the development of new design tools that help designers spend less time and effort on data collection, computation, and preparation of design documentation, and more on problem solving. (Hugues Rivard, 2000) It is clear that computer aided software has already become one of the design tools in the designing process in the architecture field. Drawings are the main output of the design process in architectural and there are two types of drawings which are the two-dimensional drawings and three-dimensional drawings. Two-dimensional drawing defined as having all elements in a flat surface and normally it comes with only two dimensions either length and width or width and height, without any depth or thickness. And, three-dimensional drawing defined as images or pictures with the objects that come with all the three dimensions which are the length, width and height. Furthermore, drawings are produced by using the computer aided software with the application of virtual reality (VR). VR is a computer-generated world involving one or more human senses and generated in real-time by the participants actions. The real-time responsiveness of the computer to the participants action distinguishes VR from other kinds of computer-generated simulations. The participant in a VR environment is perceiver and creator at the same time, in a world where the object of perception is created by actions. (Daniela Bertol, 1997) A virtual model can be created with the application of VR in the computer aided software to simulate reality for a three-dimensional image. This model enabled architects to have a detailed planning and predict any kind of technical issues, in order to achieve the demands of realism. Besides, it allows architects to visualize spaces efficiently and produce a most truthful image of a building. Moreover, the real image of the building can be seen in the computer or printed it out before it is built. Thus, architects are able to edit or change the design if there is any unpleasant feel or it looks unsightly. Virtual Reality Virtual reality (VR) is clearly introduced in the previous contents. From the research, VR applications have also been used in various fields like medicine, astronomy, entertainment, sport, art and etc. And, it has been used as a design tool in architecture design. We can easily observe how the characteristic of VR such as interaction, immersion and three-dimensionality, react in the architecture field. By the application of VR, rendering tools have been provide for perception, evaluation and the aesthetic view of an architecture environment before construction from the change of perspective. Hereby, a question will be bring up into this content How does VR use as a design tool in architecture design? Based on the investigation of design issues through the year goes, the design process has been improved and became interesting after the applied of VR in the architecture field. However, using VR as a design tool has the least potentiality among the VR application. Traditionally, the process of concept ideas input was running with hand-rendered, two-dimensional representations or sketches by writing materials such as pencil, paint or ink on paper but it can now be transformed with the immersive way to produce preliminary sketches or three-dimensional visuals with computer-assisted technology. It is all credit to the implementation of VR. During the implementation of VR in the architecture design, the three-dimensional modeler 3DM that has been developed at the University of North Carolina created the three-dimensional models by using a HMD system and hand-held pointing device. By the providing of this application, models can be transform and edit with the capabilities of copying, pasting, cutting, moving and scaling and even can be manipulated with the immersive ways. Design Process from Sketches to Models There are many stages in the design process such as mapping, diagrams, sketches, construction drawing and etc. Sketches and working drawing with the concept ideas input are important while they can be differentiates by the accuracy, detail and amount of representative information. When the input of the concept ideas on the sketches are enough to be expressive and able to develop into working drawing which mean it can be program and execute by the computer. Computer-aided design (CAD) is useful and convenience in modeling because it provides valuable tools. For an example, a unique curved wall design of a facade can be extrude with a round shape of opening while its model can be implement with exact dimensions given of the wall and the opening. And, repeating operation can be implemented in the CAD application as well. In the other hand, the immediacy of the process by translating a sketch straight into a functional model can enhance the act of creativity and the understanding of the three-dimensional space. Two-dimensional Media and Scale Models The two-dimensional media such as paper is always using in the design of architecture as the communication of concept ideas into the design development. Other than that, the presentation drawings such as the construction drawing, detailing drawing and three-dimensional perspective are representing the three-dimensional objects with two-dimensional media. Even every output of the computerized such as CAD has to be present with the two-dimensional media by displaying on the screen or printed on paper. There is another option for the design of architecture which is the scale models while it can define the understanding and fulfill the usage of the unbuilt three-dimensional space. However, the quality of the space has been reduced due to the model cannot be inhabited and user cannot experience from the inside. Virtual Environment While the running of design process takes place in a virtual environment where the designer is inside the product of his design is called immersive design and different conceptions will be bring to the act of creativity by this process. The creation of form is possible in the immersive design environment like the raising of walls, subtraction and rotation of the objects. Floors and stairs can be built and edited with the reaction by the perceptual impact. Boolean operations of addition or subtraction can be used for the design which based on volumes to allow the act of molding and carving motion. The different values have been assumed while the implementation of traditional compositional rules changed from two-dimensional representations into three-dimensional immersive environment. Proportions between various architectural elements can be verified by inhabiting the space. Though to date, immersive design should be realize with the virtual reality application which will revolutionize the design of architecture. The discussion of the traditional act of designing should be carry out for the architect to adapt to the notion of sketching in space and being inside and a direct experience of three-dimensional space. Zaha Hadid Zaha Mohammad Hadid is an Iraqi-British architect who born on 31st October 1950 in Baghdad, Iraq. She is the first Muslim and female who got awarded the Prizker Architecture Prize in 2004. She also received the Stirling Prize continuously in 2010 and 2011. In Zaha Hadids education, she studied architecture course at the Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture in London after she got a degree in the mathematics course at American University of Beirut. After that, she worked for her previous lecturers who are Rem Koolhaas and Elia Zenghelis. She also worked as a lecturer of AA in 1980s after she became a partner with Koolhass in 1977. She then established an architecture and design firm, Zaha Hadid Architects with over 300 employers in London, United Kingdom. Zaha Hadids buildings are always designed with the appearance of uniquely futuristic style and complex form. With the advanced technologies and new materials, she is able to produce curvilinear kind of architecture with her contemporary and innovative design. Her completed and on-going projects included Contemporary Arts Centre, Guangzhou Opera House, Vitra Fire Station, BMW Central Building, London Aquatics Centre, Galaxy Soho and etc. Other than that, she is also working on interior and designing furniture and automobile with the characteristic of fluidity. Zaha Hadid has become one of the famous contemporary architects by taking the benefits of the advanced technologies to apply on her architecture design. She is interested on the impact of technology because it helps in the possibility of the construction and affected the way of designing a building. In 2012, she won the Jane Drew Prize and from a particular interview by Architects Journal, she advised architects to invest in digital technology and travel around, it helps in the inspiration and creativity of design. (Merlin Fulcher, 2012) BMW Central Building BMW Central Building was the winning design of Zaha Hadid of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2004. It is located at Leipzeg, Germany and its complex built was cost about 1.55 billion dollars. It is use to manufacture the BMW 3 Series Automobile. BMW AG. Munich Germany is the owner of the building, 60 million dollars were used for the cost of construction. It was constructed by Arge Rohbau, OBAG and Wolf Mueller GmbH with the supports of structural engineer, AGP Arge Gesamtplanung, IFB Stuttgart. The original construction of the BMW factory consists of three different buildings which were designed by their own estate and management group. The three different buildings are functioning as for the manufacturing process of the production of BMW 3 Series automobiles. They are separately undertaking the making of auto bodies, painting process and the final assemblage process of parts. There is a competition held for the purpose of designing and connecting all the 3 different buildings. Connectivity was used as a concept of Zaha Hadid in the design which was the method of overlapping and interconnecting between the spaces and levels. As a result of the concept application, the separation of the three buildings was blurred and it gave a complex design in the interior. Zaha Hadid has fully utilized the advanced technology of design tool and machinery of construction and the new materials in both constructions and design process of this project. A conversation has been carried out between Zaha Hadid, Patrik Schumacher (Partner of Zaha Hadid), Lars Teichmann (Project Architect of Zaha Hadid Architects) and Todd Gannon (Series Editor, Source Books in Architecture) about the design process and construction techniques of this project. In the conversation, Lars Teichmann said that there is always a person testing the ideas with physical models in the workshop and in the same time, few persons will be doing development of three-dimensional models and two-dimensional drawings in the computer. And, all this process allows them to develop a range of possible interpretations of their ideas. Besides, concrete was used as the material of the walls to solve the loads problem that would be carried down through the building. Concrete walls are much stronger to carry more loads and they were able to cut openings through the concrete walls with advanced technology as they needed. (Todd Gannon, 2006) London Aquatics Centre London Aquatics Centre is a centre for the use of indoor sports which are swimming and diving. It was constructed to be a venue for the London 2012 Olympic Games. The centre has been built at 27th July 2011 and it is located at Olympic Park, Stratford, London, United Kingdom. It is operated by the Olympic Delivery Authority, moreover, the construction has cost about 269 million pounds. Besides, the centre has been built by the contractor, Balfour Beauty with the help of structural engineer, Ove Arup Partners. Furthermore, the capacity of the centre can fit up to 17,500 seats. Evidently, from the complexity and unique design of the aquatics centre can be seen, that was under Zaha Hadids contemporary and innovative design. The aquatics centre was designed by Zaha Hadid with the concept of the fluidity of water in motion. The design of the spaces and surrounding environment has come with the inspiration from the landscape of Olympic Park. Precast-concrete has been used as the main material for the construction of this building. Other than that, the roof that looks like a wave was constructed with steel and glass was used for the facade of the building. There were wings on the both side of the building that used to provide extra seating for the audiences of the Olympic Games. However, they would not be there permanently because they were not a part of Zaha Hadids original design. Once the games are over, they will be removed and in the same time, the aquatics centre will be deconstructed and it will be open again for the public in 2014. Jacques Rogge, IOC President, described the Centre as a masterpiece. He said that he had a visual shock when he was visiting the centre last year (2011) because he felt that this centre is unique and a state of art compared to other venues that he saw. (BBC Sport, 2012) It is apparent that Zaha Hadid has applied the technology well in her architecture design. Thus, she can create many kinds of unique design and aesthetic buildings to beautify the environment and of course with her innovative mindset. Frank Gehry Frank Owen Gehry was born with the name, Frank Owen Goldberg but with the suggestion by his wife, Anita Snyder, he has changed his name to Frank O. Gehry. Frank Gehry was born on 28th February 1929 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was a winning architect of the Canadian-American Pritzker Price who based in Los Angeles and he also awarded several prize such as AIA Gold Medal, National Medal of Arts and Order of Canada. In the World Architecture Survey in 2010, his works have been quoted as the important contemporary architecture in the world because he was one of the most influenced and important architects in the twentieth century. With his reputation as a famous architect, he has considered as a modern architectural icon in the architecture industry. His buildings are well-known in designing with sculptural in form and always full of surprise with amazing architecture design. In 1954, he studied architecture course in the University of Southern California and got the Bachelor of Architecture degree. He then studied city planning in Harvard University Graduate School of Design and he worked for a few architecture firms. In 1962, he established his own company, Frank O. Gehry and Associates, Inc. and he started his architectural career. In 1989, the way of his designing process has been changed, from manual to computerized. Jim Glymph who was the computer systems expert joined Gehrys company while he wanted to design more on curves. He then wanted the more complex shape in his design and Glymph helped him by getting CATIA program from the aerospace industry. (Mild Friedman, 2002) With the help of the computer software programs, Gehry started to reject in designing with straight lines and boxy shapes in architecture. With his built up architectural career, he managed to produce designs for the public and private architecture in Europe, America and Asia. In the year 2002, Gehry Partners, LLP was established, with over 175 employers in the company and it provided full services for the residential, commercial and institutional. In the Gehry Partners company, most of the employers have the ability to produce technical drawings and construction documents and they are qualified to manage complex architecture projects. The company is working by depending on the Digital Project, a computer aided design (CAD) application based on CATIA software which was developed by one of the Frank Gehrys companies, Gehry Technologies. Within the years, Frank Gehry has produced many buildings with striking and unique design. His buildings consist of his owned residence, Guggenheim Museum, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Experience Music project, Weisman Art Museum, Dancing Horse, Art Gallery of Ontario and etc. With the assist of the computer technology and the application of unconventional materials, Gehry was able to create deconstructed aesthetic building in deconstructivism style. CATIA CATIA is a type of computer aided design software with a full form of Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application. It was developed by a French company named Dassault Systemes with the licensed, Proprietary software. A French aircraft manufacturer, Avions Marcel Dassault started to develop CATIA in 1977 and it has been applied in several industries such as automobile, aerospace, shipbuilding and etc. It helps in the design development with conceptualization, three-dimensional modeling, visualization and etc. Complex innovative forms can be also created by using CATIA. Guggenheim Museum Guggenheim Museum is an art museum that designed in modern and contemporary arts. It was established on 18th October 1997 and located at Abando, Bilbao, Spain. This contemporary building is owned by Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and it was built by Ferrovial, S.A. with the construction cost of 89 million US dollars. Moreover, it was built along the Nervion River and mainly used to exhibit the works of international and Spanish artists. Besides, it has been one of the most famous buildings especially in the year of 1998 and 1999 because it was the famous topic among the architects in the industry. In the year of 2007, there were more than one million of people to visit the museum. In the 2010 World Architecture Survey, it has been called as one of the most important building since 1980. Other than that, it has been called by the world-famous architect, Philip Johnson, the greatest building of our time. The New York Times even said that the building is a miracle. (Frank O Gehry A Modern Architectural ICON,