Egypt’s Culture and Political System Essay Example for Free

Egypts Culture and Political System EssayThe Egyptian culture is considered one of the oldest cultures in human history. Surprisingly, it almost has almost of gender equality except that it needs more(prenominal) to consider, in order achieving the third Millennium Development Goal, which talks of achieving gender equity/equality and women empowerment by 2015. I would recommend that the Egyptian composition considers enacting and/or passing several(prenominal) legislations in favor of women and as well give recognition to the familiar market sector, where bulks of the women are making meaningful contribution to the economy. I would also recommend that this ancient nation and culture acknowledges the home, where the men considerably ask either the major decision making powers. I am of the conviction that women make sound and major decisions as well and can provide better and translation ideas, realizing the remarkably undeniable work of the women of Liberia during the c ivil war.I believe that if our generation begins to identify the errors of past generations, relative to gender-related issues, and if we address those issues in more formal shipway by beginning to give women their rightful local anaestheticizes in society ensuring that opportunities and privileges are equally and equitably distributed, our world can be the most enjoyable place even for generations unborn. In an effort to do this, we must begin with an identification of the problems as relegated above, discuss them thoroughly as a way of modify us to craft or design ideas that would amicably resolve them for the better of our general world, beginning with the Egyptian society. In Egypt the political system of policies and regulations of its political social organization is base on its fundamental justices and practices. Most of which shows how the Egyptian political sympathies positions its power on the state and the society it g overns. Egypt started out being a Republic a dopting a democratic system. This systemdefines the way in which it uses its public authority. There are basically six parts to this system. The first is the constitutional system.There was a constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt in 1971 that was used but then had a written amendment to it in 1980. The actual amendment had commonality in the English Common Law which came from the Napoleonic Code. It simply explains that Egypt declares its self as an Arab Republic with a democratic system. The second part is called the executive Branch. The president is called the Head of State. The head of state is selected by a minimum one-third majority of the Majlis ash-Shaab, which is the Peoples Assembly. The Peoples Assembly must venerate by a minimum of two-thirds and pretend to be elected by a majority referendum. The election term is for six geezerhood with the possibility for re-election with conditional backgrounds for return. Putting into to play the general state policy is made up and supervised by the Head of State. He also rules the Armed Force. The last elected president of the republic was Mohammed Hosni Mubarak.The supreme executive director and administrative organ of the State is the government they are comprised of the Council of Ministers. This is ruled by the Prime Minister and he is the overseer of the work of the government. The highest part of the government is the Executive and administrative part of the Egyptian Republic is the Council of Ministers. The Ministers are together responsible for the policy and procedure of the State before the Peoples Assembly, every Minister is responsible for the action of his Ministry and is held to accountability to do so. The Parliament has great power as well. They have the power to withdraw confidence from the Cabinet or from any Cabinet member and leave them powerless. The quaternityth part of this system is the Legislative Branch. This branch of the Egyptian Parliament is a reflection in character and consists of the Peoples Assembly, or Majlis El-Shaab and the Advisory Council or Majlis El-Shourah.The Peoples Assembly is the legislative branch of the State consisting of 444 directly elected members and 10 members appointed by the President, who serve for a term of five years. It has the power to approve the general policy, mod laws, the budget and the development plans of the government. It also has the authority to undertake investigations and to levy taxes, besides appointing the Presidential candidate and passing a vote of no-confidence in the cabinet. The Advisory Council with 140 members, out of which 70 membersare nominated by the President, is Egypts consultative council. It offers advices and consultation and proposes to the Assembly new laws and regulations (Haas, F. 2008). The fifth part of the system is the juridical Branch. The Judicial branch System was brought into the country introduced into the country in 1854 and predicated on the English common law, Islam ic law, and Napoleonic codes system to go through for four categories of courts of justice. virtually resembling the united States the highest judicial body is the Supreme Constitutional Court, the Court of Cessation.There are seven courts of Appeal in the various systems, and the drumhead Tribunals in the districts are the principal court system in Egypt. It guarantees the independence of the judicial system. The fifth system is the Party of Power. This system is ruled on a multi-party system. The Law 40 of 1977 regulates the development of political parties in Egypt. Though there is currently 17 active political parties representing various stands across the political spectrum, the law prohibits the creation of religious-based political parties in the state. Presently the subject field Democratic Party holds the majority of seats in the Peoples Assembly (History. 2012). The sixth system is the local government. This is headed by a Governor who is appointed by the President wh ich is very different as to how they are selected in the US. Egypt is administratively divided into 26 Governorates. Within their districts, local government units establish and run all public utilities, provide services and designate industrial areas. Working closely at various levels with local government is the Local Popular Councils.The basics Egypt is a large, mostly Arab, mostly Muslim country. At around 80 million people, it has the largest population in the Middle tocopherol and the third-largest in Africa. Most of Egypt is in North Africa, although the part of the country that borders Israel, the Sinai Peninsula, is in Asia. Its other neighbors are Sudan to the South, Libya to the West, and Saudi Arabia across the Gulf of Aqaba to the East. It has been was ruled by Hosni Mubarak since from 1981 until February eleventh( church bench Research Center 2011, November 17). As to what is going on today in Egypt. There has been fierce protest in Egypt that has been promoted by the recent protests in which led to the fall of the Tunisian government as well as getting rid of longtime Tunisian dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The Egyptians have collected momentum to get support of other protesters across the Arab world in Algeria, notably inprotesting their autocratic governments, high levels of corruption, and grinding poverty.This is a big reason Why Egyptians unhappy and disturbed about the government. They feel they have no basic freedom than Tunisians. Egypt is ranked 138th of 167 countries on The Economists Democracy index, a widely accept measure of political freedom. That ranking puts Egypt just seven spots ahead of Tunisia. And Egyptians are significantly poorer than their cousins to the west (Mislan, D. 2012). How did this all start? These protests started with the protests in Tunisia. Just like their Tunisian counterparts, Egyptian protesters have pointed to a specific incident as inspiration for the unrest. Many have cited the June 2010 beating d eath of Khaled Said, allegedly at the transfer of police, as motivation for their rage. But its also clear that the issues here are larger (Prager, D. 2012). This seems to be complicated for the US more than Tunisia was. The Tunisian regime was a key ally for the US in the fight against Al Qaeda. But the US governments ties to Tunisias Ben Ali pale in comparison to American ties to Egypt.Shadi Hamid of the Brookings Institution, a centrist cerebrate tank, explains Predictions that a Tunisia-like uprising will soon topple Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak are premature the Egyptian regime, with its well-paid military, is likely to be more unified and more ruthless than its Tunisian counterparts were. The U.S. is the primary benefactor of the Egyptian regime, which, in turn, has reliably supported American regional priorities. After Iraq, Afghanistan, and Israel, Egypt is the largest recipient of U.S. assistance, including $1.3 billion in annual military aid. In other words, if the a rmy ever decides to shoot into a crowd of unarmed protestors, it will be shooting with hardware provided by the United States. As Steven Cook of the Council on Foreign Relations points out, the Egyptian military is not there to project power, but to protect the regime (History. 2012).There was a tendency started in Egypt called the Egyptian Movement for Change (EMC). It also has another name called, Kefaya which in English means Enough. This came about in 2004. Almost immediately its importance to Egyptian political life was recognized, though not understood. twain Egyptian and Western analysts have mischaracterized the course. Interpretations have been too narrow, focusing on specific details and ignoring the movements broad vision, or too broad, mistaking Kefaya for a generic social movement in the Western mode. on the whole such approaches fail toappreciate Kefayas real contribution. This essay argues that Kefayas significance lies in its transformative potential as a broad p olitical twitch that is uniquely suited to the needs of the moment in Egypt. It is at once a cross-ideological force that has the potential, in the long run, of creating a new mainstream and a movement of a new kind that is creating a distinctive and promising form of politics for Egypt.Egypts political system has reached a dead end in the early twenty-first century. The opposition political parties are locked in their headquarters, unable to communicate with the public. Virtually acquiescing to the siege of an arsenal of restrictive laws, these political parties have for years suffered from an increasingly diminishing membership, a lack of operational funds, and internecine internal feuds. The illegality of the Muslim Brothers (MB) has paradoxically liberated that organization from restrictions that come with governmental licensing. However, the ideology, posture, secrecy, and political manoeuvre of the grassroots-based MB engender the mistrust of many political forces, including some Islamists. At the same time, the secularist-Islamist polarization hinders the possibility of reaching any meaningful consensus on faultfinding issues.This blockage is not addled on the regime, the clear beneficiary of such divisions among its adversaries, and it does not augur well for the future of the brothers in a travel utilization in shaping Egyptian political life. Amid this political disarray, a new generation of Egyptians holds the promise for transforming politics in Egypt. They have found a home and an instrument in Kefaya and in the process have invented a new form of politics. Their innovations are historically grounded on the specifics of Egypts political life in recent decades. Unique Egyptian circumstances have shaped their experiences, aspirations, and vision for the future. With the seething political discontent on the one hand and the ideologically based mistrust and mutual exclusion among the political forces on the other, Egypt needs today, more than ev er, a new form of politics that pulls together diverse ideas from across the political spectrum to forge a new national project.For more than a decade, a group of activists and intellectuals have interacted across ideological lines to reach a common ground. Kefaya emerged as one manifestation of these efforts and as an important illustration of the possibilities of this new politics.While such collaborative work across ideological lines is not unique in democratic experiences around the world, Kefaya represents the first successful effort of that sort in modern Egyptian politics. This essay, based on primary sources, including open-ended interviews, statements, newspaper articles, and reports, as well as unpublished documents, is composed of three main parts. The first part explains in more detail the reasons why Kefaya has been widely mischaracterized the second illustrates why and how Kefaya represents a new force with the potential of creating a new mainstream and the third explo res the new politics invented by Kefaya.There has been Misunderstanding Kefaya Since its early days, there have been various critical interpretations of Kefaya by politicians and intellectuals alike, at times citing deficiencies in the movements profile, actions, and approach, while at other times dismissing the movement outright as being a foreign puppet or the pastime of a bunch of kids. The most serious and widely noted critique of Kefaya is that it has been essentially a mere protest movement, targeting President Mubarak personally, without putting forward an alternative candidate or articulating a constructive vision for political transformation. The critique along these lines has gained more momentum since the 2005 presidential election. Because Kefayas main slogan expressed the rejection of a fifth term for Mubarak as well as the succession of his son, the argument goes that Kefaya lost its raison detre with the end of the election.Except for rejecting the election results, s ymbolized by the slogan of Batel, nothing new was produced. When Kefaya played a leading role in the formation of the National Front for Change on the eve of the subsequent parliamentary elections, it was criticized as passing the torch to the old opposition parties, the very same entities whose inaction it has been create to face. (Haas, F. 2008).The EMC had been dragged into sitting together with the leaders of the tamed opposition, instead of putting forward a demand for changing the electoral system. While critics clearly question Kefayas contribution to Egyptian politics, even the more positive assessments of the EMC mischaracterize it. For example, the American Left sees Kefaya as the beginning of the process of rebuilding an Egyptian Left crushed by decades of police oppression and a reverse of its political marginalization caused by the rise of political Islam (Haas, F. 2008).Some Egyptian analysts as well characterize Kefayaas a secular protest movement and thereby implici tly expect its role to be the containment of the Islamists. Kefaya has been so widely misunderstood in the West as well as among the Western-educated elite in Egypt because of the reliance on Western social scientific classifications, notably the social movement literature, to make sense of a phenomenon emerging from the very different Egyptian context. This shortcoming is compounded by looking at Kefaya with an ideologically selective eye. While Kefaya has indeed demonstrated several of the characteristics highlighted in the literature on new social movements, it is neither single issue oriented nor denoteed with identity two of the most important features of new social movements.Shoehorning Kefaya into a category derived from the experience of postindustrial societies obscures more than it illuminates. Nevertheless, the concept of the new social movement comes closest to capturing certain features of Kefaya. The movement is one of dissent, aiming in a constant and persistent ende avor toward the transformation of Egypt.4 It is a loose network of small groupings around the country. Like social movements, it aims at generating public economic aid and has emerged from a recognition of the perils involved in conventional party politics in Egypt, marked by debilitating restrictions and dilemmas. In other words, Kefaya emerges out of realization that the institutional channels are neither neutral nor amenable to the demands for change. However, unlike conventional social movements and because of the specific necessities of the Egyptian context, Kefaya is not focused on a single issue.The same, incidentally, is true of the Islamic movement whose platform also embraces a range of issues. In addition to the breadth of the issues addressed by Kefaya, the movement is ideologically diverse. In this way, it differs from the Islamic movement. While the latter has a concrete ideology shaping its project, Kefaya goes beyond any single ideology to be the only movement in c ontemporary Egypt that emerged out of serious political interactions across ideological lines. Approaching Kefaya through the prism of the social movement literature, with its American scholarship vehemence on resource mobilization and political processes, blinds analysis to this distinctive feature, which is in fact one of the most important contributions of Kefaya to Egypts political life. There is concern about the momentum behind Egypts emergency law, and what it means for come along both the incredible progress that has already beenmade and the equally incredible progress that has yet to be made. There is concern about the treatment and status of the Copts and other members of the Christian Egyptian minority.There is concern about the security of the EgyptianIsraeli border and about relations in the midst of the two countries in general. There is concern that the progress that has been made thus far could actually lead to a reversal of Egypts progress, should the freedom to elect lead to a government that constricts the freedom of the Egyptian people even more than we have seen over the past 30 years And the list could go on. Indeed, there is no shortage of things about which to worry. There is a fine line mingled with distressing and believing. Similarly, there is a fine line between two, seemingly contradictory, truths Some degree of discontent with our present circumstances is healthy and necessary, because discontent fuels progress at the same time, being happy requires that we make a point of being happy wherever we are. There is a fine and difficult line between making the better of our current reality and not giving up.It is necessary to think through all possible outcomes, including the undesirable and even the remote ones. Both torture and believing are the result of thinking. Worry and anxiety result from focusing on undesirable outcomes no matter how probable or improbable. Belief, on the other hand, is the result of focusing on the best possible outcomes again, no matter how probable or improbable. Whereas worrying fuels panic and skepticism, believing fuels faith and hope. domineering action rarely results from the chaos, fear, or feelings of scarcity that often accompany worry. Faith and hope lead to trust and courage and trust and courage lead to positive, unimaginatively action.So, yes, there does seem to be a great deal to worry about right now. Even still, if theres even the remotest possibility that believing instead of worrying will lead to continued progress, and then it seems to me that believing is what we have to do. Positive Psychology has been described by Martin Seligman and others as the science of what makes life worth documentation of what is working for individuals, families, communities, and society more broadly. The Positive Psychology experiment with which we are now charged is to, together, choose belief over worry. At least between now and Egypts presidential election, let us together mak e a conscious, deliberate decision to focus on what is working and how it can lead to the best possible future for Egypt and for the world as a whole.ReferencesMislan, D. (2012). Cross Cultural Perspectives. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Haas, F. (2008). German Science and Black RacismRoots of the Nazi Holocaust. FASEB Journal, 22(2), 332-337.History. (2012). Germany Country Review, 7-14.Ninkovich, F. (2001). The United States and Imperialism. Wiley-Blackwell. Pew Research Center. (2011, November 17). The American-Western European Values Gap. Retrieved fromhttp//www.pewglobal.org/2011/11/17/the-american-western-european-values-gap/ Prager, D. (2012). Still the Best Hope Why the World Needs American Values to Triumph. HarperCollins.

Key Challenges And Risks Of Erp Systems Information Technology Essay

Key Challenges And Risks Of Erp clays Information Technology EssayHistorically ERP arrangings evolved form corpse integration. It is a system which is designed to mange production, inventory, and finance and beau monde facility.ERP system integrate inventory info with finance, sells and hr data to give it a seamless integration (Stephen Harwood,2003). It allows the governing to price their products, manage the resources, people, material and money(Jatinder N. D. Gupta, Sushil K. Sharma, Mohammad Abdur Rashid Computers 2008 ). death penalty of ERP system is quite straightforward when it is go fored in a small size company which not diverse geographically and physically, but the real repugn of ERP systems come when it is being implemented in global basis where the company is spread in un wish well part of the globe with different time channel wreak, regulations and different worry interests ( M. lyne Markus,Cornelis Tanis,Paul C .van Fenma april,2000).According to oKane ( 2004) attention of ERP researchers should shift from hard elements to nutty elements. Soft elements mean addressing the organizational and the cultural problem. more over an appropriate ERP performance requires good management intervention as part of the instruction execution process.Key challenges and risksWith success full implementation of ERP an organization eject reap many another(prenominal) benefits. yet first we argon going to analyse what are the possible challenges involved in a global implementation of ERP. As many IS research commentary tells that the Go live or roll out of the ejection does not mean that the cypher is successfully implemented. We have to think beyond this part and withal take into account the part of Post implementation risks. A risk en human bodyle be defined as the occurrence of an event that has consequences for, or impacts on a particular project (Kleim and Ludin, 2000, p. 3).riskOwing to the size and complexity of an ERP system, identi fication of risk in ERP post-adoption is a very time-consuming and complicated task. in that respect are four kind or post implementation risk as defined by (Guo Chao Peng and Miguel Baptista Nunes,2009).(1) Operational risk (OR). Operational staffs are everyday dors of ERP systems. OR refer to risks that may occur from operational staffs.(2) Analytical risk (AR). Front-line managers use ERP systems to generate plans and forecasts (e.g. production plan, sales forecast, etc.) to predict and better manage the changeful future. ARs refer to risks that may occur as managers use ERPs to carry out analytical tasks.(3) Organisation-wide risk (OWR). When using and maintaining ERPs in the post-implementation stage, companies may encounter a pit of risk events in relation to various internal (e.g. system users and in-house IT experts) and external factors (e.g. system v abateor and system consultants). Such risks may have impacts on the constitutional company and therefore are referred to as OWRs.(4) Technical risk (TR). A set of system and technical factors may closure in risk events that fag hinder the ERP system from meeting its int cobblers lasted functions and performance requirements. These risk events are identified as TRs.To elaborate it further if operational staffs are reluctant to use the new-made ERP system then that causes a major risks towards the success factor of the implementation.ERP system are mainly used to automate the transactional process. As a final resolve the operational staffs are the most frequent user of the system as a result their involvement and adoption of the project are important in terms of the success of the project (Scapens and Jazayeri, 2003). This risks can be multiplied by many other actors like psychological anxiety of the staffs (e.g. unwilling to change and solicitude of loss of job), initial failures in system implementation (e.g. insufficient training), system pitfalls (e.g. poor user interface and system design) and lack of confidence in the system.ERP system is involved with the transaction of lofty volume of data and most of the time the data that is been put into the database of the system should be very accurate. All preliminary data of ERP is inputted by operational staff. It is observed that the integrated data flowed so quickly through the system that there was little opportunity to track down mistakes onwards they showed up on everybodys screens (Scapens and Jazayeri, 2003). To elaborate further if one input is been given wrong by any operational staffs they impact on the system can so huge that it may disturb the correct functioning of the whole organization. This happens overdue to insufficient training given to the staffs, lack of experience, demotivation or tiredness.Analytical Risks obscure for the operational staffs front line managers are also key users of the ERP systems (Shang and Seddon, 2002) therefore are life-or-death factor for ERP success. This can happen due to insufficient training, wavering to change .As a result managers cannot take appropriate determinations regarding foresting and taking analytical decision thus under utilizing the full potential of ERP system. Managers needs different kind of data to suit their needs .When the laid system is a part of a global implementation it travels even more difficult for the managers to get the veritable data that they want ,as it is sometimes very hard to customize the system according to the need of the manager. (Sage, 2005).Organization wide risk Top managers are incomplete IT experts nor they use IT system very much. Therefore they lack the operational expertise and technical knowledge to take important decision regarding IT implementation. Hence, decision being make by top managers without the involvement of users and IT managers is a risk that may occur in IT projects (Lientz and Larssen, 2006, p. 116).This risks occurs for global implementation as top management are not very enthusi astic about the post implementation maintenance and up gradation. Top management support is therefore frequently regarded as a crucial factor affecting the success of ERP implementation (Gargeya and Brady, 2005 Loh and Koh, 2004).High skilled labours are very important for the system maintenance and enhancement. (Ifinedo and Nahar, 2009). It is very important for the company to think of their key resources. As ERP professionals are in high demand it is very important for the organization to hold their key knowledge workers. However, as widely acknowledged, due to high market demand for this type of professional, Companies sometimes may find it difficult to retain their highly qualified ERP experts (Sumner, 2000).Confidential data of company must(prenominal) be stored in secure place carefully, if important and confidential data is accessed by unauthorised users that my cause potential lead to information leakage and business crisis. (Yosha, 1995).Technical risk-Different modules o f ERP systems are to be seamlessly integrated. It becomes particularly a very challenging thing when the implementation is very huge and there are different legacy systems required for different country or different sister concerns. Therefore, it is not uncommon for modern companies to procure suitable software modules from different system vendors to form their own unique ERP system (Currie, 2003).System is not goodly modified to meet the business system needs. The business environment and business needs change according to situation and as a result the ERP site should be unceasingly modified .The implemented system should be constantly reviewed in post implementation stateAfter looking into the potential challenges of ERP implementation we are going analyse the challenges with a theoretical lenses and view the issues with a proper example and contextual background.Critical success factor frameworkWe are going to analyse the issues with the theoretical framework and address the r isk factors. As potential risks and challenges are already explained we are going to protrude a risk mitigation frame work and analyse how to set the frame work to exploit the performance of the company. According to Scott and Walker performance in general can be determined by three factors ability, motivation and working environment. Further it can be derived with the equation Performance=ability - motivation - environmentUden, 2005 demonstrated that there are nine identifying factors which influence any organization in achieving high performance. They are leadership, people, policy and strategy, partnership and resource, Process, People Result, and Customer result, Society Result, Key performance result. It is the people who are main factors ,so it is necessary that the working environment are congenial and the people who are being managed give their best in the environment (Mintzberg,2004),thus improving the cleane and commitment while encouraging them to manage the organizati on s process I a way will increase the level of performance and achievement. According to (Castka, 2001) the precondition of high performance depends on the creativity, decision making, interpersonal skills, participation, decision making. Arnett et al (2002) says that emotion and pride goes for high performance it goes beyond the barrier and makes the employee work for the organization to achieve high performance.To address the soft factors there are numerous cited in the literature. These soft factors are often referred as critical successes factors (CSF) are as Rockhart (1979) explained are areas of activity that should receive constant and careful attention from the management .These is classified in to three management grouping.Soft Factor (strategy) Top management Commitment, ERP strategy, Clear goal focus and scope, legacy systems management.Soft Factors (People) Training and education, Employee attitude, Empowerment, Project Team, User involvement and satisfaction.Soft Fact ors (Organizational ) Organizational Culture, Effective Communication ,Computer Culture, Effective Project Management, Change Management strategy, Process management. pillow slip and implementation of frameworkNow we are going to look into a famous The FoxMeyer Drugs Bankruptcy case of ERP Implementation.( Judy E. Scott, 2009).FoxMeyer Drugs was a $5 billion company and the nations quarter largest distributor of pharmaceuticals before the fiasco. FoxMeyer conducted market research and product evaluation and purchased an ERP package in December of that year. FoxMeyer also purchased warehouse-automation from a vendor, and chose a Consulting company to integrate and implement the two systems Implementation of the project took place during 1994 and 1995. The project at FoxMeyer Drugs was at risk for several reasons. Using a framework developed for identifying software project risks (Keil, Cule, Lyytinen and Schmidt 1998),(1) customer mandate, (2) scope and requirements, (3) execution a nd (4) environment.Customer mandate relies on the commitment of the manager and the end user. At FoxMeyer though the management was committed towards the project the end users were not very confident about the project. In fact due to warehouse automation there was a definite moral problem among the workers as due to the automation there were a fear of job security. This we can relate to the Operational risk (OR risk) as explained above. As for OR as the end users were the most extensive user of the ERP application this was a crucial factor towards the success and failure of the project. According to Scott Walker performance equation as the moral were down the performance of the organization also was not up to the mark.Secondly the scope of the project was risky as the FoxMeyer signed with new deals with the University Health System Consortium (UHC) after the announced the project as a result the data transaction that was pre estimated changed rapidly.Thirdly the execution of the pro ject was in trouble as there were not enough knowledge workers. The individual expertise of the organization was very and they were dependent on the expertise of the consulting organization as a result there were greater dependency. Although FoxMeyer must have realized the project was in trouble, its perceived dependence on consultants and vendors prevented it from seeing how it could gain control. We are going to contemplate how we are going to analyse the soft organizational factor played its part in the implementation. The change management and process management were not in place as .The consulting company that were hired by the FoxMeyer were not putting enough expertise in project. The vendor company were also treating the entire process as a experimental background. There were no mutual trust among the entire stakeholders involved in the project as a result the project management team were not confident .As there were no trust in the process the individual stake holders were working like silo as a result there not proper communication .As explained earlier critical successes factors (CSF) (Rockhart, 1979) in terms of soft organizational factors were in trouble .As a result the project ran into trouble.FoxMeyer CIO Robert Brown felt a high degree of personal responsibility saying, We are betting our company on this. (Cafasso 1994) Moreover, he expressed his ruttish attachment to the project when he boasted about how an integrated multi million computer systems built on ERP would radically improve the companys critical operations. However FoxMeyer were over budget for the project. In spite of running over budget FoxMeyer CIO was too much confident about the consultancy company and he was over whelmed about the success trading floor of the particular system. As a result the project ran in to problem.To conclude about the fact that there are high risks involved when adopting new technologies, oddly in a unique situation where the vendor cannot identify t he exact organizational culture. FoxMeyer should have realized the risk in adopting new ERP system in its early years and negotiated with the consultants to share the project risks by tying their compensation to project results. They should have gone for more knowledge workers and expertise. The top management public opinion that just by applying sophisticated software system into the organization will solve their problem, which was not right. As ERP projects are not for business process reengineering, it is incomplete only to enhance the business process nor to change it. The company should have gone for business process change before applying the software into the organization. As explained by Rockhardt the failure was due to the soft factor starting from strategy, people to organization.ERP in present situation and future-ERP in future is going to change with the new technology like virtualization, cloud computing, SOA service oriented architecture, SA AS software as a service. Some expects web services to to play a prominent role in future ERP (OBrien,2002,ACW TEAM 2004 ,Abbound and vera ,2007).The capability of web services in integrating data ,application and processes across the internet (OBrien 2002) may result in ERP systems heavily on Service oriented architecture (SOA) .However as the open source community gains more strength the popularity of open source ERP system like sugar CRM will increase more and more. This may not happen in one or two years or in a decade but as and when the service ine managers will understand the need of new technology and enhancement the ERP as it is today will change .Cloud opinion and software as a service will evolve to take the place of ERP system.ConclusionsThe study has led to several important conclusions. Specifically, the results confirmed thatsuccessful implementation of the system is not an on step solution . In truth, awide range of risks may occur in diverse business and system-related areas duringERP pos t-adoption. More importantly, the findings also show that an ERP risk mayoften be the cause or consequence of other risks. Because these identified risk eventsseem to be interlinking and related with each other, they may be very difficult tomanage, mitigate and contain. As a consequence, in order to ensure long-term ERPsuccess, IS managers must become aware of these risks and take proper risk mitigation actions as early as possible. If ERP implementation is not done with soft factors and organization keeping in to mind then it may cause drift. Particularly in organization which is diverse and located in various part of the globe, successful ERP implementation has many risk and success factors to take into account.Acknowledgement-There are several references in the study which is left unexplored fully. Future research will see the full exploration and will also explore the practitioners view on this.

Market analysis of instant fast food industry

Market analysis of instant fast provender industryThe concept of non-consumer is vanishing at a faster rate and is becoming almost non subsisting in the current era of consumerism. Marketers atomic number 18 finding stark naked ways and techniques to rope in new set of consumers previously not smacked upon seriously. The trend fol first-class honours degreeed process now was that the ho rolewives bought individual nutrient for thought ingredients ranging from spices, vegetables, butter/ghee, etc. and mixed it in appropriate proportions to prepare a meal. The prove of meal was primarily governed by computes much(prenominal) as expertise of the posit, quality of the ingredients used, cooking time followed, etc. But still one cannot be sure of how will the meal taste. This was more unenviable for bachelors, working men living away from family and working women. Marketers were successful to find this gap in highly cluttered food industry. The answer was Ready-to-eat.Ready- to-eat is fixd as the status of the food being ready for immediate consumption at the point of sale. It could be raw or cooked, hot or chilled, and can be consumed without further heat-treatment including re- estrus.11 Centre for food synthetic rubber, Government of Hong KongThese are processed foods and no further processing is required. They are safe to eat and requires few minutes to cook if it requires cooking. The basic principle behind RTE foods is Convenience for normal consumers and Diet nutrition in case of health informed consumers. The health category of RTE foods is RTE cereals which are moneyed in vitamins, fibers and have less sugar content.INDUSTRY ANALYSISUnited States is one of the major countries of Ready-to-eat foods producers and consumers. All major RTE foods producers with an exception of nestle belong to US. Because of such a big merchandise, advertisers gets quickly attracted. The television advertising budget honest for the food industry is 2-4 percent of sales , but the RTE foods segment attract close 13 percent of the sales as advertising budget.India is also emerging market for these products. RTE foods in the normal practice are consumed in a short-circuit span of time. The advancement of packaging technology and introduction of retorting technology in India has made these items commercially viable and long subsisting i.e. high shelf life.RTE market witnessed a growth of 7% between the year 2000 and 2005.In 2009, Indian RTE foods market was estimated to be around $33.5m, registering a CAGR of approximately 15% over the last five years.RTE segment is expected to grow to a Rs. 2900 cr (US$ 604.20 mn) industry by 2015. (Source Tata Strategic Management crowd)RETORTING PROCESSThe operating principle of retorting process is heating foods prone to microbial spoilage in hermetically sealed containers to extend the shelf life.Three factors responsible are These factors must be taken into setting plot of land designing a retorti ng process.Safety is the foremost concern. The retorting process involves inactivation of microorganism that can result in spoilage and in turn impress public health. For this, the F value is the measure followed. F value is the number of minutes to destroy the organism at 250 degree Fahrenheit. Under the food safety standard, antithetical F value has been specified for each microorganism. Over heating also affects the finished product quality. So the product and process has to be knowing carefully.Quality of Retort process is determined by two factorsFrom microorganism side, how much heat is required to inactivate the organism.From processing side, how much heat is grasp the product.The selection of specific retort style is largely touched by following factors Container shape and size easier in case of cylindrical shaped ware causa formulation , ingredients , etc. by dint ofput requiredEnergy EfficiencyVARIOUS RTE BRANDS IN INDIASome other players are GitsMTRPriya foodsRajbh og Foods Inc.Rainbow Foods IndiaSatnam Overseas Ltd.Tasty Bite, etc. difference BETWEEN READY-TO-EAT (RTE) AND READY-TO-COOK (RTC)Most consumers frequently lacks clarity to differentiate between RTE and RTC, and lots refer both as RTE. But they are different.RTC products are different type of pastes and consumer adds vegetables or meat to prepare a meal/dish.On the other hand, RTE products are complete products which seldom require any preparation and are often in the frozen form/cans/packets.Out of the estimated current production of 20,000 T, about 80 percent is exported.CONSUMER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS AND FACTORS AFECTING FOOD SELECTIONThere are various factors influencing buying behavior and motivation among the consumers. In the broader sense, the most dominant factors in food selection are food availability and cultural factors. social ConsiderationsWith the increase in environmental awareness in the past few years, the food product composition and packaging has become a major d eterminant of the buying behavior.Health factor has become the primary concern for almost e very consumer. This has given rise to the use of natural ingredients (i.e. it contains no additives and no cardboard ingredients) and environmentally friendly packaging.Safety and Environment Quality are other food choice motivations by consumers. This is now become the competitive weapon for food marketing.Other factors linked to societal considerations and in turn shape get motivations are Well BeingSocial relationshipsEnjoyment PleasurePersonal identity elementFood defines the consumer personal identity and it also acts as a self-referent part. Diet change can trigger in redefining the self.Food habits change passim the life cycle. Consumer in the adolescence stage will have different food habits than in the later stages of life.Gender differences also define the food selection habits. As per the normal understanding men are considered that they have more food than women. The figure c onscious female counterpart highly influenced by the slimming industry often shift their food selection based the motivation they have to look good. Weight chequer (i.e. low in calories, fat and in turn control my weight) is a determinant. Men are more interested in Vitamin content and women are more concerned about the sugar content.Familiarity also kicks in while making food selection. Consumers carry these questions in mind while planning and shopping stuff Is what I usually eatIs familiarIs ilk the food I ate when I was a childConvenienceAnother important factor in food selection is convenience. The stages of consumption process define the relevance of convenience.The most time and energy consuming step is Preparation. But the effort required in this step defines the consumer behavior and factors affecting the food selection.RTE foods producers look forward to this gap while defining their strategies.Sensory AppealIn this era of consumerism and competition, one of the main di fferentiator is Sensory Appeal. Every consumer want the food to smell and look nice, have a pleasant texture and should taste good. encase here plays an important role. In RTE foods, the physical evidence for the consumer is the packed unit. The taste is skip over to be as per the standards followed by the company selling the product and is ever so in line with what consumer want. The difference is created in footing of the look of the packet.monetary valuePrice is one of the major motivation factor in food selection. Price factor is always considered and monitored in relative terms. Purchase motivation for RTE foods vary on the following factorsCost of eating out v/s live of RTE foodEffort required to cook food v/s cost of convenience in RTE foodPrice of RTE food is determined by following factors ProductBrand Value of the companyType of PackagingCountry of originShelf life of the productOther factors are followingProduct and marketing messageAvailability of the product in term s of constant stock replenishmentReachability to the store stocking the productEthical Concern Country of origin, politically approved country.MEDIUM OF INFORMATIONRetailers and food producers tap duple mediums to highlight the offerings bring out at the store or under the portfolio respectively.MediaRTE Food industrys advertising budget is 13% of sales which is second only to the automobile industry. The average budget for other components of the food industry is 2-4% which is much lower in comparison to RTE. Marketers have always believed that RTE foods need more advertising efforts to tap the new customers and retain old ones.Source British Food Journal , Volume 105 , Issue 3Advertising has been the primary weapon. The use of media personalities and cartoons in the ads has always been welcomed by the consumers. Marketers have also tried to rope in children through their ads. The basic principle behind it is to gain their loyalty at a very young stage. Also it acts as a catalyst in Impulse buying at the store level.The only disadvantage of Advertising is high cost involved.Direct mail (DM)Direct mail (DM) is another method to provide information to the consumers to assist in their food purchase. It is also referred to as Direct Marketing. contrary Advertisements which are broadcasted and their reach is subject to the viewership ratings of the slot they were telecasted in, Direct Mail is more personalized and sent to individual consumers. Since each consumer receives a copy of the offer muniment customization is possible for a group of consumer with common interests. It also permits marketers to experiment with the mailers and its formats.These are generally used by hypermarkets and supermarkets to notify customers of daily, weekly or fortnightly offers.Through these rail mails the store also sends coupons and schemes to the customers catering to a particular festive seasons which are believed to be higher sale period.The new concept in direct mail being followed these days is Targeting Mailing. Marketers define the target group for the mails and then through database analysis send the mailers to only that group. This in turn has following advantages more(prenominal) Direct CommunicationSaves costOnly Potential customers are notified and other customers are not disturbed.Disadvantages of Direct Mail Often treated as cast out or spam by the consumersStores can only differentiate on the basis of offers and the way it is communicated through DMInternetAmong the sources of information for food purchase this is the least used method because of low involvement characteristics in the food purchase. Very few consumers visit internet websites such as store websites to moderate food information.Amazon.com offers the catalogue for the RTE products. Bundled packages are change in the combo offer.With the growth of internet and families turning to every single purchase, use of internet for food purchases is bound to grow in the coming year. Stores stacking other stuff also such as apparels and accessories, electronics, etc. along with food items, general format followed by the supermarkets and hypermarkets, use internet as a selling medium but not for food items. With the increase in competition and new strategies coming up, time is close-fitting when they start selling packed RTE foods also. Groceries or vegetables being sold as loose items will then be only food item leftfield to stock. The benefits of e-commerce have been realized by most retailers.Illustrations from the RTE Food IndustryTo explain the process of Instant Food or Ready-to-eat food and the consumer behaviour, two companies have been elect from the Indian Market.MTR Foods Pvt. Ltd. vs ITCs Kitchens of IndiaMTR Foods Pvt. Ltd. is among the major processed food manufacturers in India and is owned by Norwegian Company M/s Orkla.Kitchens of India is an ITC blot which majorly exports various RTE food packages of military posture Indian cuisine.Marketing Mix AnalysisProductMTR Normal Day to day food varieties such as paneer, dal, etc.Portfolio comprises of 22 authentic Indian curries, gravies and rice.100% Vegetarian offerings100% Natural and no preservatives addedISO 22000 and HACCP Certified quality productRetorting and packaging technology from Defense Food Research Lab, Mysore.Kitchens of IndiaPrestigious offerings from the chefs of ITC Welcome Group Restaurants. E.g. Dal Bukhara from Bukhara Restaurant of ITC Maurya Shereton and Dal Dakshin from ITC Dakshin.Four layer packed to prevent the royal taste and smellStandards are monitored to compliancePriceMTR offering are normal day to day food and is less expensive than ITCs Kitchens of India which is more expensive in comparison.Also the offerings by ITC are positioned for the target group which wants to stick the pleasure of royal palates at the comfort of their home.MTR Paneer Butter Masala 300g pack is priced at MRP of Rs. 50On the same hand, Kitchens of India dishes start f rom Rs. 89PlaceBoth MTR and Kitchens of India in the first place exports to other countries and sell through the retail setup in both India and other countries.Kitchens of India also services its customers through its website www.kitchensofindia.com . It also won the Best Website select at the PC World Web Awards 2008.Website is the medium to promote the brand and display the recipes of various offerings.Use of classical music has been seen prominent with both the websites to stage the Indian culture.PromotionKitchens of India promotion strategy circles around the product offering highlighting the essence Feast for the senses. The key message is bringing the royal tastes straightway to consumers home without having to visit ITC Welcome group hotel.Kitchens of India promote its brand through various food exhibitions such as Anuga in Germany. These are also displayed and sold at food festivals across the ITC group hotels.MTR promote its offering on the essence Freshly cooked home meal. It targets the price sensitive consumer.Brand Analysis on the basis of factors influencing buying behaviorHealthMTR has positioned itself as a freshly cooked home food with modest offerings. Kitchens of India on the other hand has positioned as brand offering the royal palates matched to the same standards at the ITC Restaurants.Based on the study done among Indian consumers by Datamonitor, 50% of the consumers considered low or lowers cholesterol and low or reduced fat as a motivator during food purchase.Both brand understand this fact and mentions the health contents of the dish on the packets.Sensory AppealMTR packaging is as per the standards do not attract the visual senses of the consumer. The product is also home cooked food offerings and smell factor is present as per the home cooked food.On the other hand Kitchens of India packaging is more lavish to support its image and price range. It has an outer paper bag like covering.Natural ContentBoth brand claim to be 100% n atural and contains no preservatives. This is possible only because of the retorting technology used and the packaging. Consumer choices are affected by these factors.Weight ControlKitchens of India offers meals or dishes which are more lavish and specialty dishes high in oil and butter content which is de-motivator for weight conscious people. These dishes are not preferred at the daily basis.On the other hand, MTR offerings are more close to the weight conscious people.MoodMood factor plays an important role in defining the consumer behavior. This can be specified by the rebellious behavior at the younger age to eat things different from what others in the family are having.Kitchens of India offerings promotes itself on this behaviour to compel consumers to have that royal meal once a while without even visiting any ITC hotel.MTR is not seen utilizing this behaviour characteristic in its promotion or marketing communication.

Why Do Young People Commit So Many Crimes Criminology Essay

Why Do Young People Commit So legion(predicate) Crimes Crimi zero(prenominal)ogy EssayThe estimate of hatred had been increasing before the year of 1995. Law, sociology, physiology and other disciplines tend to view the iniquitouss as abnormal soulfulnesss from moral point. The causes of horror ar criminal psychology, the genetic characteristics and social environment. They think that young personfulness criminal have no moral value and feelings, who nuisance without clear motives and do not consider the punishment.In 1998, Stephen Levitt used the economic methods of maximized behavior, market equilibrium and stable preferences to explain the offspring detestation in his Juvenile Crime and Punishment. He believed that young offenders argon as well completely rational economic man, who testament carefully trade off the cost, income balance, then seek to maximized benefits. Levitt tested the strongly direct cor congenator between the fall of juvenile crime and juvenile justice system punishment from 1978 to 1993.Based on this theory, this paper aims to discuss the specific causes of younker crime in Canada, and abstract would be made on the selective information of Statistics Canada. Following this, or so suggestions would be given on how to reduce the number of young people committing crime.2.0 Discussion2.1 jibe to the course of the economic science of crime and punishment, what are the possible determinant cyphers impacting on young people crime?The causes of youth crime are various. Crime is the consequences of assorted social, cultural, economic and family tallys (Muhammad, 2008). Generally, because on that point are so many causes this paper select some reasons and discuss them particularly.(1) Social environmentSocial environment has long been recognized as the major cause of the youth crime, which include school environment and community of interests environment. The problem of youth crime is not alone but a part of the whole so ciety. That is to say the violence of youth is part of the violence of adult. The economics of crime and punishment has collar as contributeptions. In the beginning, everyone is a rational person who rout out decide their own behavior and maximize their benefits. What is more(prenominal), whoever crimes ordain suffer punishment since each one is equal and the possibility of punishment is 0 to speed of light percent. In the last, the more severe punishment will be given for the more expert crime.As a matter of fact, young people normally spend a lot time in school, so school environment has deep influence on youth crime. Statistics show that currently there is a sharp growth trend of juvenile delinquency in the United States, and the U.S. youth homicide and suicide increased by 3.2 times in the one-time(prenominal) decade. During the same time, the ratio of aged under 15 dead because of shot is 12 times higher than the ratio of other 25 countries combined. In modern years be cause of violence in the campus, the youth of United States is suffering pain about widespread youth violence. Although among all the murder and suicide case only(prenominal) 1% occurred in the campus, the figure has an anticipation of fast growing.Meanwhile aside from school, young people also spend much time in community where they can know peers and do meaningful things together. From the assumption of the rational economic person, community activities can help individual realize the maximum of ones own benefit. even young people are always sensitive about the others opinions so that they are influenced by others easily and then they will imitate others behaviors.(2) Economic conditionIn general, poverty and unemployment of economic condition which are deuce major operators influence the youth crime. Between the benefits and justice, the criminals always select the first due to the economics of crime and punishment. This theory fully considered the probability of the two kinds of cost, and then looked for a method which can save the most for the society. Thus the standard of estimating a policy is not depended on the justice and fairness but on the beneficial result.Firstly if one can not afford the cost of his life, the possibility he choose to crime will be higher. That is because he need to live but he can not receive money from a ratified way. Through a classic Becker type model, economists estimate how potential criminals cost in the legitimate job market by using an unemployment data. The analysis shows that unemployment and crime are positively correlated in the cross-section dimension. Meanwhile the rate of youth unemployment increasing lead storys to increases in crime. To decrease crime, it seems that all strategies chosen to combat youth unemployment should be examined.Secondly poverty is a reasonable factor to understand. Despite the benefit system of the whole society has been designed to fulfill daily needs of each person, the gap of th e poor and the rich are becoming deeper and deeper. The reason why young people commit crime is they do not command to work and the cost of crime can ignore easily.(3) Family effectuateAll in all, there are many aspects in the family structure which can lead to youth crime, such as family clash, parents low income, ignorance of parents, lose of communication, family breakup, family violence, and so on. Improvements in all invisible areas should be focused on by crime prevention. In order to design the policy more effective, each factor should be identified the contribution to the youth crime.To begin with, as a proverb express a persons character is mostly from his family or the environment he live. With the increases of divorce, family harmony is broke up. Young people themselves do not have enough experience to differ the bad from the good, so they need their parents help. If they do not receive enough information and supervision, the possibility of crime will get higher.What is more, neighborhood set up on crime and delinquency for mannish and female youth is an important fact. According to an experiment evidence, female youth arrested for reddened and property crimes are relational to a group which has many members from lower-poverty areas. In opposite, males arrested decreases for violent crime, at least in the short time, but increases property crime. The different treatment between male and female youth effects appears to mirror differences in what disadvantaged backgrounds male and female youths from and how each gender responds to same innovative neighborhood environments.2.2 Explain the data about youth crime at Statistics Canada. Use econometrics methods to analyze the specific reasons of the increasing number about young people crime in Canada.(1) judge of youth crimeAccording to the data of Canada given (Statistics Canada, 2006), the rate of youth violent crime and total malefactor write in code offences (excluding traffic) climbed up while the place of property crime dropped from 2005 to 2006. In 2006, there are almost 180,000 young people involved in some crime of the Criminal Code, excluding traffic offences. This essence that in this age group nearly 6.8% youth crime accused. Both the total amount and rate of young people charged for homicide got their highest point during the one-time(prenominal) two decades. Among the young people, the number of youth violent crimes nearly takes up one quarter of the total number for youth committing crime.Youth crimes reported for Criminal Code offences20062005-20061997-2006Number of youth chargedNumber of youth cleared by means other than chargingTotal youth accusedYouth crime rateYouth crime rate% change in total youth crime rateViolent crime20,50018,97239,4721,528312 belongings crime25,78039,68165,4612,534-3-34Other Criminal Code offences27,66145,27172,9322,823934Criminal Code(excluding traffic)73,941103,924177,8656,8853-6Drug offences6,38211,50917,891693297From The Juristat Youth crime in Canada,2006, Vol.28, no.3From the table above, the rate of property crime has a sharp decline and become the lowest point of the past decade. That is to say, the poverty reason of youth crime gets less influence on the behavior of young people. However the rate of medicine offences has a surprising increase and it has become the major factor of youth crime. The table also shows there are slight climbing on the rates of violent crime and other Criminal Code offences.(2) Consequences of youth crimePeople are affected by crime on many aspects, usually young people are innocent about the honor and punishments they choose to commit crime blindly only for the money they want or a way to let off their feelings. As a result, violent and drug substance abuse have bad effects on young people daily life and the security of the whole society cannot be guaranteed. Parents will concern their children security and maybe they cannot work with all their enthusiasm. Each y outh will be afraid of going to school since there are so many violent crimes on campus.(3) Analysis of regression (RSS)Firstly according to the table the rates of poverty crime and the rates of Criminal Code (excluding traffic) declined so that the two rates have little effects on the youth crime, in order to build model more easily, the above two referred rates will be removed.Secondly a model should be built to determine whether the three rates left have relations with youth crime then some reasons can be given clearly. Through the data of model, a result of the RSS will be introduced in the following content. equation y =+1 x1 +2 x 2 + 3x 3+In the equation, y indicates the rate of youth crime while x1 x 2 x 3 are separately on behalf of violent crime, other Criminal Code offences and drug offences. 1 2 3 are parameters represent the relation of x and y.ResultCoefficientsStandard errorT StatP-valueLower95 %Upper95 %Intercept-0.05770.006621-18.34025.28E-08-0.083423-0.05553XVariabl e10.00024235.038E-0510.6966.35E-090.0014390.00438XVariable20.0058737.341E-0512.3724.67E-120.079630.00634XVariable30.082121.287E-050.352718.35E-086.657E-058.342E-05= -0.0577 1= 0.0002423 2 = 0.005873 3= 0.08212Equation y =-0.0577+0.0002423 x1 +0.005873 x 2 + 0.08212x 3+(4) The specific reasons of youth crime in CanadaOn the one hand, drug and substance abuse is the most important factor contributed to the rate of youth crime. This factor has become the dominant strength for youth crime which mostly comes from the lack supervision of the environment young people live. The rate of drug-related youth crime has increased dramatically compared with 10 years earlier. Drug and substance abuse will not only have bad effects on youth mentally but also it will damage the health of young people that can not recover easily. The pressure may be from family, school and the inside of youth heart so others can not discover in a short time.On the other hand, the rates of violent crime and other Crimi nal Code offences are climbing up slightly. The reason is mostly from the social factors which include poor impulse go for, lack of communication and the imitation of others behaviors. Aside from the mental factor, it is true young people usually get a lot of pressure from the surroundings, if they can not come up a legal way to relieve their feelings the probability they chose to crime will be climb up. Even some of young people view crime as a pleasure that is awful, and this kind of thought mostly comes from the media and films. They commit crime for fun, it will damage others benefits eventually so will the youth.All in all, it is necessary to control the number of youth drug crime which has become the most serious problem of the society. Meanwhile lack of family communication and school rectify guide can also lead to young people committing crime. That is to say young people always know nothing about their behaviors and what bad results will happen to the persons they maybe hurt.3.0 Based on the economics theory and the information in this article, what advice would you give organizations in reducing the rate of young people crime?First for the dramatic increase in the youth drug and substance offences, it is necessary to redesign the program of youth education. Currently there are lighten many people who do not realize the importance of the education, even the people with higher education. In order to broadcast the essence of education, a new system of education should be designed and displayed among persons from one to another. If a young person receives higher education, he can get a job more easily and the possibility of crime will get down. In a long run, the awareness of whole society will decrease the rate of unemployment so that the number of crime can be controlled completely.Secondly it is efficient to reduce the drug availability since the problem of drug and substance abuse is the most serious one. To trade name fewer people get access to dangerous drugs availability of it is needed to be cut short. A drug addicted young person may work without enough attention and thus cannot afford his/her drug expenses. As a result youth may crime so that they can get money they need. Government should carry out effective ways to reduce the drug availability, and give severe punishment once the drug criminals are accused. A record of each criminal activities and asset possession etc. should be maintained by the natural law system, and all vehicles must be registered in a platform so that it is easier to find the criminal track. Youth may consider more about the result of the crime with the fear of their record on previous crime.Thirdly it is necessary to enhance the law forcing agencies. Since the number of youth crime is climbing up, it is obvious that more police needed. To improve the police location about work, the environment they work should be improved and the problem in their life should be solved as soon as possible. The train of the police is necessary because offenders will commit more crimes when they think the police cannot have enough capacity to catch them. If the whole level of forcing agencies is improved, offenders will think more deeply about committing a crime. Youth stealing goods usually sells them to get money they want. There are special markets to recycle the stolen good for sale. If these markets are pressure to close in law, goods youth stolen cannot find a method to change money. As a result, the incentive of stealing or robbing goods can be decreased.At last, youth crime has become a serious problem which needs governing and citizen effort together to solve. Aside from the measures above, there are still some other methods which can be taken to control the youth crime. For example, if government can supply more employment opportunities, the rate of youth crime will fall. Besides, reducing of poverty and inequality is also a good way to control the number of youth crime. The inequality can be declined through clear up tax policy with fair consideration.The rich should be levied more heavily than the poor so that the poor can receive more help from the government and the increasing minimum of wage in the country. When the number of young people getting work is increasing, the chances of their criminal activities will fall.4.0 ConclusionThrough the analysis of the Canada database in 2006, building a model and using the RSS method it is obvious to see there are three reasons contributed to youth crime. The most important one is drug and substance abuse which take up more than 90% of the whole youth crime. Following it is other Criminal Code offences and violent crime. The conclusion is these three reasons take up almost all the youth crime which should be given enough attentions. In addition, there are many bad consequences of youth crimes which can influence the young people themselves, the family they live and even the whole society. Thus it is necessa ry to take measures immediately to solve the problem of youth crime.To sum up, young people is the hope of the whole country so how to reduce the number of youth crime has many relations with the future of the country. Based on the theory and data, the reasons why young people commit crime are given properly, and the government should take some measures according to these reasons in order to control youth crime. Meanwhile lack of family communication has bad effects on the children in their growth, and this can lead to a series of problems in the society. Government must call parents for their responsibilities to their children, only by doing so can be the problem solved completely. Through the government, family, and the whole society cooperate each other closely, make sure each young person realizes the bad effects of the crime so that a new social environment will be formed.

The Relationship Between Confucianism And Buddhism Essay -- Confuciani

It is often said that, aside from the impact of Marxism on twentieth-century China, the all other time when the Chinese looked beyond their own borders for intellectual sustenance was during the period when Buddhism was absorbed from India (LaFleur 23). Why did this religion appeal to the Chinese when they disregarded so many other external influences? After all, being tied to the rest of the world by the Silk Road meant they were constantly inundated with novel concepts from far and wide. The response must lie in how Buddhism interacted with the other faiths already established in the country, namely Confucianism and Daoism (sometimes spelled Taoism). While at first glance it may appear that Confucian China would be the last place Buddhism would find a niche, it was in fact the combination of Confucianism and Daoism that laid a foundation at least just about receptive toward this new faith from India. This paper will focus mainly on the interaction between Buddhism and Confucian ism. Buddhism made it to China over land in the first century C.E. from the northwest and by sea in the second century C.E. The main influence, however, came from the northwest via the Silk Road (Zuercher 415). In fact, Buddhisms main avenue of refinement was along trade routes throughout Asia. According to Jason Neelis, trade as a vehicle for the expansion of Buddhism is reflected in the fact that the religion spread in an occasional pattern unlike typical diffusion (Neelis 7). It was the Theravada branch in particular that has been associated with trade. Mahayana, on the other hand focused on the more settled, agricultural lifestyle. ironically it is this branch that took hold in China. Once trade brought the religion within Chinas bor... ...Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012. Web. 6 October. 2012. LaFleur, William R. Buddhism A Cultural Perspective. Ed. Robert S. Ellwood. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 1988. Neelis, Jason. Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Mo bility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. Leiden Brill, 2011. Powers, John. Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism. 2nd ed. Ithaca, NY Snow Lion, 2007. Saunders, Kenneth J. Buddhism in China A Historical Sketch. The Journal of Religion 3 (1923) 157-69. Shien, Gi-Ming. The Epistemology of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. Philosophy 28 (1953) 260-264. Zuercher, Erik. Buddhism in China. In The Encyclopedia of Religion, edited by Mircea Eliade, vol. 2, 414-21. New York MacMillan, 1987.

Bauxite/Aluminum and the Environment :: Essays Papers

Bauxite/Aluminum and the EnvironmentAluminum is the third most common element in the earths crust, with militia guaranteed to last hundreds of years, and, in its ore, bauxite, one of the most economically significant minerals in the world. It is, perhaps, more easily recycled than any other mineral substance used by man, but mining operations still continue and atomic number 18 enormously valuable. Aluminum companies have been at the forefront of environmental progress and effort in the minerals industry. Aluminum is not the cleanest metal to produce, and it is often found in ecologically significant regions. However, the undaunted aluminum industry has managed to do its part for the environment, and continually alter its own efficiency. Azom.com notes that, since bauxite is chiefly found in tropical or subtropical areas, mines are often associated with the rain forest. In truth, only about 6% of the worlds certain bauxite production takes place in rain forest regions, affecting a total area of around 1.5 km2 per year (azom.com). Bauxite mines are almost always of the open-cast type, so they have a wide impact on the land area above them. Even so, 80% of bauxite mines on forestland are eventually returned to forest, the rest replaced by agriculture, commercial forest, or recreational area, thereby making the area more productive for the local community whats more, the rain forests in particular are almost totally reverted back to rain forest (azom.com). Most companies mining bauxite remove the fertile top soil separately from the rest of the overburden, so that it can reapplied to consider maximum usefulness of the reclaimed land. In addition, over 60 per cent of companies have their own nursery plant facilities and many put special oversee into water drainage to avoid soil erosion due to rainfall or other runoff (azom.com). In short, the reclamation procedures undertaken by aluminum companies are typical of the modern American mining industry. The worke rs in aluminum run into more difficulty during the processing stage. Aluminum refining produces large amounts of PFCs, CFCs, and other unwholesome or environmentally damaging shoot a linees. The process of refining itself involved diatomic chlorine gas as a reagent. Reducing the amount of chlorine gas used is a constant preoccupation in the industry, although attention is also given to reducing gaseous, liquid, and solid waste by operating air defilement equipment that captures pollutants and recycles raw materials (Aluminum Association). In recent years, great progress has been made by the Voluntary Aluminum Industry Partnership (VAIP) organized by the EPA.

Free Essays: Comparison of Beowulf and The Seafarer :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Beowulf and The Seafarer Beowulf and The Seafarer In a comparison between Beowulf and The Seafarer one finds two contrast beliefs in hazard and the sea from the storys main characters. Beowulf is resigned to fate and is humble before the force of the sea, while The Seafarer is fearful of the powers of fate and the sea and is unwilling to accept them. Though the actions and thoughts of Beowulf give him a god-like appearance in the story he believes that God and fate work together. He boasts of his encounters with devilish sea creatures saying, I treated them politely,/ Offering the edge of my razor-sharp sword. This strong statement reveals Beowulfs divine and invulnerable self-confidence. To Beowulf, Fate saves/ The living when they drive away terminal by themselves. Beowulf is compelled to observe fate but does not feel it should completely rule him. He allows fate to direct his life, but not govern his actions. A display of Beowulfs belief in fate is evident when he says, Fate will unwind as it must. Meaning, there is a master political platform to the world with which he must live. When Unferth taunts him, Beowulf replies by questioning Unferths gentlemans gentlemanhood and makes a fool of him in front of everyone. Boasting, Neither he nor you can fit me. Though he tests fate, he has a more fearful respect for the sea. He knows its power from his race with Brecca. The seas were dark and harsh, but he remained humble and ventured through with(predicate) the murky waters because of this respect. As a contrast to Beowulfs beliefs, the Seafarer feels that fate destroys all and takes everything away. Fate is an all mighty power to him and no man can control it, no matter what he does. Fate is stronger/ And God mightier than any mans mind. This shows the Seafarers fearful surrender to these unearthly powers. Wondering what fate has willed and will do. Yet with all this fear and sorrow he does not accept it, but rather wills it away. He is afraid of its power and ability to be stronger than any man. Though he fears fate he is ambivalent toward the sea. This indecisiveness is so overpowering it has taken over his life. While ashore, safe and secure see his favorite mead hall, he longs for the embrace of the sea.